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Psychology 365- Cognitive Psychology > Chapter 6: LTM > Flashcards

Chapter 6: LTM Flashcards

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1
Q

The long term memory interacts dynamically with ______? Explain this

A

working memory

- we access the LTM to make sense of information in the STM. This dynamic interaction is termed working memory

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2
Q

How does STM affect LTM?

A

The serial position curve

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3
Q

What is the Primacy effect

A
  • words from the beginning of the list are remembered better than words in the middle
    (Serial position curve)
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4
Q

What is the serial position curve

A
  • created by presenting a list of words to a participant one after another
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5
Q

Why does the primacy effect happen

A
  • there is more opportunity to hold initial words in STM and use rehearsal to send them to LTM
  • as number of words increase, this becomes more difficult
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6
Q

What is the Recency Effect

A

words at the end of the list are recalled better than words in the middle
(Serial position curve)

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7
Q

Why does the Recency effect happen

A

information is present for longer in the STM allowing for better rehearsal and transfer to LTM

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8
Q

How do we know that the recency effect does not happen because the words are still present in STM during recall

A
  • the recency effect is present even when recall occurs much later
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9
Q

Words in the middle of the serial position curve have _______ &_______.

A
  1. Proactive interference and 2. retroactive interference

- these words cannot stay in STM for long enough for effective transfer to LTM

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10
Q

What is Retroactive interference

A

interfering with STM processes causes recency effect to be lost
ex: counting backwards for 30 seconds before recall

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11
Q

What is Proactive Interference ?

A
  • the decrease in memory that occurs when previously learned information interferes with learning new information

Example: difficulty in remembering a friend’s new phone number after having previously learned the old number.

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12
Q

What does the serial position curve tell us about the relation between STM and LTM

A

The primacy and recency effects show that STM effects LTM

can be beneficial or detrimental

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13
Q

What is a code

A

a form in which information is represented

eg. population coding for faces in neurons

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14
Q

What are the different ways coding can be in the form of (3)

A
  • visual coding
  • auditory coding
  • semantic coding (for meaning)
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15
Q

Explain coding in STM and LTM

A

STM: holding in our mind
LTM: remembering

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16
Q

Visual coding in STM and LTM examples (3)

A

Holding in mind (STM) or remembering (LTM)
visual patterns
figures
faces

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17
Q

Auditory coding in STM and LTM examples

A

sounds

a song you heard

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18
Q

The fact that the meaning for words can interfere with STM performance suggest that ____________

A

STM uses semantic coding

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19
Q

Explain semantic coding in LTM

A
  • long delay between information asked to remember and recognition task
    Ex: identify which sentence was identical to a sentence in a passage
  • shows LTM stores information based on meaning - semantic code
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20
Q

What kind of coding is supported by STM and LTM

A

both support visual, auditory and semantic coding

- the type of coding depends on the stimuli

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21
Q

STM primarily uses which form of coding

A

auditory

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22
Q

LTM mostly uses which form of coding

A

semantic

- remembering the gist of what you read

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23
Q

What part of the brain does memory involve (H.M.) (2)

A
  • the prefrontal cortex and other regions like the hippocampus
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24
Q

What happens with the bilateral removal of the hippocampus for memory

A

STM intact and LTM impaired

  • able to remember what is happening now but forgets as soon as it is over
  • (Brenda Milner)
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25
Q

Damage to where would result in impaired STM without LTM impairment (K.F)

A

parietal lobe damage

  • digit span of 2 (normal is 5)
  • reduce recency effect
  • able to transfer into LTM
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26
Q

What is the hippocampus’ role in LTM and STM

A

LTM formation and holding stimuli for short period of time

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27
Q

Do LTM and STM work independently or do they overlap?

A

both

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28
Q

What are the two subdivisions of LTM

A

explicit and implicit

29
Q

What are explicit memories and what are the two types

A

can be verbalized

  1. episodic (personal events)
  2. semantic (facts and knowledge)
30
Q

What are implicit memories

A

cant be verbalized

- procedural memory (skills)

31
Q

What are the two types of declarative memories

A
  • episodic

- semantic

32
Q

What are episodic memories and are they declarative or not

A

declarative

- memories for experiences, autobiographical and time associated

33
Q

What are semantics memories and are they declarative or not

A

declarative

- memories for facts and general knowledge

34
Q

Are implicit or explicit memories declarative

A

explicit

35
Q

Three ways semantic and episodic memories can be distinguished between

A
  • type of information
  • neuropsychology
  • imaging
36
Q

Episodic memories are time dependant or independent

A

dependant

  • mental time travel
    example: remembering
37
Q

implicit memories are time dependant or independent

A

independent

- knowing

38
Q

What is the difference between episodic and semantic memory

A

differences in experiences
episodic = remembering
semantic= knowing

39
Q

can episodic memories become semantic memories

A

yes they lose the time stamp as time goes on

- typically for less important things

40
Q

Patient K.C. had damage to what memory, what brain region was associated

A

episodic, hippocampus
ex. Knows brother died 2 years ago, but no memory of when he heard about it, or how he felt at the funeral—no time-stamp for information

41
Q

What area of the brain is associated with our episodic memory

A

hippocampus

42
Q

Patient LP had damage to what memory and was associated with what brain region

A

-semantic lost
Temporal lobe
ex: Not able to recall what happened in World War-II, or who Beethoven was

43
Q

What area of the brain is associated with our semantic memory

A

Temporal lobe

44
Q

What does double dissociation mean

A

each function can be impaired independently

45
Q

What neuroimaging evidence supports the distinction between episodic and semantic memory?

A
  • brain activation in different regions

- showing different brain regions are associated with episodic and semantic information

46
Q

how do episodic and semantic memories interact

A
  • knowledge affects experience

- autobiographical memory has both semantic and episodic aspects

47
Q

how can u test if episodic and semantic memory lost over time

A
  • memory is lost over time but not linearly

- test using the remember/know procedure

48
Q

Memory for events from past 10 years was compared to memory for events 40-50 years ago

A
  • fewer episodic memories for 40-50 years ago than 10 years ago
49
Q

When episodic memories lose their time-stamp over time it is called what

A

sematicization of episodic memory

50
Q

Most ____ memories begin as _______ memories

A

Most semantic memories begin as episodic memories

51
Q

Patients with loss of ______ memory are unable to think about possible future personal events

A
  • episodic

Episodic memories are extracted and recombined to construct simulations of future events

52
Q

What is the Survival value

A

Episodic memories may exist to help simulate future scenarios and explore possible behaviors
ex. Is there enough space to cross the intersection safely?

53
Q

Mind wandering is associated with which part of the brain

A

DMN (Default-mode network)

54
Q

Why is mind wandering important

A

Most mind wandering involves thinking about the future rather than past/present
Mind wandering involves creating simulations of the future by recombining the past

55
Q

Damage to ______ results in impaired autobiographical memory?

A

DMN

Poor autobiographical memory——>poor ability to think about the future

56
Q

What is anterograde amnesia

A

inability to form memories for events after trauma

57
Q

What is retrograde amnesia

A

inability to form memories for events before trauma

58
Q

Does implicit memory require conscious awareness

A

no

these are how to memories

59
Q

Can implicit memory be intact with amnesia

A

yes

60
Q

Can procedural memory be independent of declarative memory

A

yes

61
Q

Can amnesia patients learn new skills

A

yes

62
Q

When a new skill is learn it requires what type of attentional load

A

high attentional load

- less attention required as expertise develops

63
Q

What is priming

A

Presentation of one (priming) stimulus changes the way a person responds to another (test) stimulus

64
Q

priming is studied by testing patients with______

A

amnesia

65
Q

What are some disorders priming can be tested on and shows impairment

A

Traumatic Brain Injury
Korsakoff’s Syndrome
Encephalitis
Surgery

66
Q

What is Korsakoffs Syndrome

A

Korsakoff is associated with chronic alcohol abuse and results in anterograde amnesia

67
Q

Give examples of priming in everyday experiences (2)

A

We prefer brands we have seen ads for over brands we have not—mere exposure effect
We rate statements we have read/heard before as true—propaganda effect

68
Q

What is classical conditioning

A

pairing a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a response

69
Q

Is conditioning preserved in amnesia

A

tends to be

Psychology 365- Cognitive Psychology (11 decks)

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