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Psychology 365- Cognitive Psychology > Chapter 11: Language > Flashcards

Chapter 11: Language Flashcards

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1
Q

What cognitive functions are unique to the human species (4)

A
  • perception
  • memory
  • attention
  • language
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2
Q

Where does language come from

A

the result of a single genetic mutation ~ 100,00 years ago

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3
Q

What percent of our DNA do we share with monkey ? Chimps?

A

over 90% for monkeys

- 98.8 % with chimps

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4
Q

what is langauge

A
  • the process of combining symbols meaningfully
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5
Q

Language can be for the purpose of (2)

A
  • communication

- thinking/reasoning

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6
Q

Primarily language was used for what (in animals) (3)

A
  • needs
  • danger
  • mating
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7
Q

Explain language as a tool of thought

A
  • ability to preserve thoughts across space and time

- human specific

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8
Q

What are the properties of language (6)

A
  1. communicative
  2. arbitrarily symbolic
  3. creative
  4. has structure
  5. is dynamic
  6. is universal
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9
Q

Explain the communicative property of language (2)

A
  • allows us to communicate with each other

- allows us to preserve ideas without being restricted by space and time

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10
Q

Explain the creativity property of language

A

number of possible combinations of words are infinite

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11
Q

Explain the Arbitrary symbolic property of language

A

no one to one relation between sounds and meanings

  • example: Nothing doggy about dog, or fishy about fish
  • creates need to learn language (not intuitive)
  • allows for creativity
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12
Q

Explain the Structure property of language

A
  • words make up meaningful sentences but not all combination of words are acceptable
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13
Q

Explain the Dynamic property of language

A

Words/meanings/rules constantly change

  • whatever most people use/understand is language
  • his or her properties of language
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14
Q

Explain the universal property of language

A

no cultures without language yet identified

  • all languages have deep rooted similarities
  • sensitive period
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15
Q

Early language study was dominated by

A

behaviourists

- denial of mental processes

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16
Q

What was B.F Skinners verbal behaviour view

A

Reinforcements and punishment can explain all of language acquisition
- Children use words/sentences they hear, reinforcement/punishment does the rest

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17
Q

What is wrong with Skinners Verbal Behaviour view of language (3)

A
  • language is hardwired
  • poverty of the stimulus (the number of possible sentences is almost infinite but input a child gets is finite)
  • universal grammar
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18
Q

What is Universal Grammar

A

languages have a common underlying structure that is not restricted by meaning

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19
Q

If behaviourists were right about language would there be structure

A

If behaviorists were right, any combination of words should be possible. There should be no structure!

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20
Q

What is the Language Acquisition Device

A

humans have an innate ability to use language

  • not blank slates
  • we have built in propensities that allow us to benefit from experience
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21
Q

What is a pidgin

A

when people using different languages live in the same place they create a new language to communication

22
Q

What is a Creole

A

a formed language

23
Q

What are the components of language

A 
phone
phoneme 
Morpheme:  
Lexicon: (word)
phrase
sentence
24
Q

Do all languages have the same phonemes

A

no

25
Q

Can infants discriminate phonemes

A

yes of any language

-Older infants (6 months) can distinguish sounds in own language better and can’t distinguish sounds in other languages

26
Q

What is the phonological bin theory? what disorder is it related to?

A

we create bins to represent the sounds in our own language

- patients with dyslexia fail to create such bins

27
Q

What is motherese

A

exaggerated sounds when parents talk to babies

28
Q

What is our mental lexicon

A

all the words we know and their meanings

29
Q

Lesion to perceptual processing regions causes

A

inability to recognize living things

30
Q

lesion to regions which process functional information leads to what

A
  • cant recognize man made things
31
Q

We are able to process high frequency words more easily (T or F)

A

True

32
Q

Word recognition is affected by (4)

A
  • frequency of the words
  • context in which the word appears
  • our experience with statistical regularities in our language
  • our knowledge of word meanings
33
Q

Understanding words uses what kind of processing

A

top-down

-All above factors are associated with knowledge and experience with language

34
Q

What is syntax

A

structure of a sentence

differs between languages

35
Q

can syntax exist even in the absence of meaning

A

yes

example- Colorless green ideas sleep furiously

36
Q

We don’t passively listen to words but actively ___ what they are and what they mean

A

predict

37
Q

understanding texts and stories involves what

A

Inferences- going beyond the information provided in the text
Situation models- We imagine context and visualize even if we are not asked to
(we infer information which is not explicitly stated)

38
Q

what is an example of a casual inference

A

sharon took advil

- her headache went away

39
Q

Inferences can result in what

A

systematic errors

40
Q

What is the neural firing rate for humans during conversation

A

120m/sec

41
Q

What is theory of mind

A

understanding that other people have thoughts and feelings

- important for conversations

42
Q

What disorder is associated with a poor theory of mind

A

autism

43
Q

What is the difference between autism and dyslexia with language

A
  • Autism shows how language and communication depends on external factors like emotional and cognitive processing.
  • Dyslexia involves deficits in specific components of language (confusing sounds /pa/ from /ba/, etc.)
44
Q

Children who know more than one language tend to have (3), but (1)

A
  • Better executive functions
  • Delayed onset of dementia
  • Increases gray matter in the parietal region
  • But smaller vocabularies and slower lexical access
    (Takes longer to retrieve the meanings of words)
45
Q

What are the factors affecting second language acquisition

A

age (younger better)
fluency/mastery
some languages are harder to aquire as a second language

46
Q

What is aphasia

A

impairment of language functions

- often result of stroke or injury

47
Q

What are the types of aphasia (4)

A
  • brocas aphasia
  • wenickes aphasia
  • conduction aphasia
  • global
48
Q

What is Broca’s Aphasia

A

Damage results in Broca’s aphasia: Reduced speech. Agrammatical.

-Effects speech production: Can barely speak, but understands what is being said to them

49
Q

What is Wernickes Aphasia

A

difficult understanding speech

- Speech fluent and grammatical, but empty of content

50
Q

What is conduction aphasia

A

damage to the arcuate fasciculus

-difficulty repeating sentences or answering questions

51
Q

Do animals have language

A
  • maybe but they dont show it

- whether animals have language depends on what we mean by language

Psychology 365- Cognitive Psychology (11 decks)

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