Chapter 12: Problem Solving Flashcards

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1
Q

What are features

A

specific reasoning processes that can be acquired

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2
Q

Features improve with what kind of practice

A
  • deliberate
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3
Q

What is metacognition

A

our awareness of our own mental processes

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4
Q

We can look at problems and quickly decide whether it can be retrieved from memory or has to be solved effortfully, or switch between the 2 using…

A

metacognition

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5
Q

What is an analogy

A

problem solving is enhanced by knowing the solution to a similar problem

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6
Q

What does Analogical transfer refer to

A

the ability to transfer a solution from one problem to the next

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7
Q

Does problem solving use principles that are domain-specific or not

A

not

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8
Q

Problem solving requires _______?

A

Intelligence

- The ability to derive general principles and apply it in other domains

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9
Q

Analogies only helps those who notice ______ between the conditions

A

similarity

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10
Q

What is the role of analogy in problem solving. Give an example of your own.

A

problem solving is enhanced by knowing the solution to a similar problem
- car stuck in mud vs car stuck in snow

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11
Q

What is the Gestalt Approach

A

Restructuring a problem to find a solution

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12
Q

What are the two aspects to problem solving (Gestalt)

A
  1. problem representation

2. insight

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13
Q

What is problem representation

A

how a problem is represented in the mind

- changing the representation of a problem can help arrive at solutions (restructuring)

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14
Q

What is insight in the gestalt approach

A

the sudden emergence of a solution

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15
Q

What is restructuring

A

changing the representation of a problem can help arrive at solutions

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16
Q

What is the result of insight

A

restructuring

17
Q

What are insightful solutions

A
  • participants are not aware they are getting closer to a solution
18
Q

What is functional fixedness

A
  • the fixation on the primary function of an object

- inability to think of novel uses

19
Q

How can we fix fixedness

A

can be reduced by restructuring the problem

20
Q

How does functional fixedness affect problem solving. Is functional fixedness always an impediment to problem solving?

A

Functional fixedness is a cognitive bias that negatively affects a person’s ability to problem-solve and innovate. The bias causes a person to look at a problem in only one specific way and it can prevent them from developing effective solutions to their challenge.

21
Q

What is a mental set

A

preconceived notion of how to solve a problem

- based on past experiences

22
Q

What is the information-processing approach

A
  • problem solving as a search process

- get from initial to the goal

23
Q

One way to find the solution is to reduce the difference between initial and goal state by creating

A

subgoals

24
Q

What are the features of experts (5)

A
  • experts have more knowledge about the field
  • they organize knowledge differently (more visualizations)
  • spend more time analyzing problems and less time implementing solutions
  • higher automatization of subprocesses
  • better metacognition
25
Q

What may be the characteristics of “expert” students.

A
  • resourceful and knowledgeable
  • strategic
  • goal oriented
26
Q

what is creativity

A
  • producing something that is original and worthwhile
27
Q

Does creativity use divergent or convergent thinking

A

divergent thinking
(more than one correct answer)
many solutions to a problem

28
Q

what is incubation and what brain network is it associated with

A

putting aside a problem without thinking about it

  • Works by reducing the effects of negative transfer, functional fixedness, and mental set
  • DMN
29
Q

How is creativity related to generating ideas

A

Creative people score highly on tests of divergent thinking

- lots of ideas

30
Q

Creativity is related to commitment how?

A

Creative individuals work long and hard in their area of interest
- Learn about previous works and ideas and build on/diverge from it to create something new

31
Q

What is intrinsic motivation

A

being motivated by curiosity or interest or personal satisfaction

32
Q

What is extrinsic motivation

A

being motivated by external rewards (money, fame)

33
Q

What are the personality characteristics of a creative person (5)

A
  • open to new experiences
  • self- confidence
  • dominant/hostile
  • unconventional
  • sometimes abandon/ neglect or exploit relations
34
Q

What brain networks are involved in creativity

A

DMN

Executive control network

35
Q

Why can frontal lobe lesion patients solve some problems faster

A

Because there is less frontal-based filtering of information, therefore reduced functional fixedness

36
Q

The DMN and Mind wandering are associated with what? why?

A

creativity

- DMN activity increases during mind wandering

37
Q

DMN activity during incubation may result in ?

A

insightful problem solving and creativity