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Psychology 365- Cognitive Psychology > Chapter 5: STM and WM > Flashcards

Chapter 5: STM and WM Flashcards

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1
Q

Why do we need memory?

A

Because without memory there is no system for preserving and transferring information in long term. We would have no sense of the past or future

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2
Q

What are the three broad types of memory?

A

Sensory Memory
Short-term Memory
Long- term Memory

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3
Q

What is our Sensory Memory and how long can it hold information for?

A

This is holding information for a fraction of a second
(image or sound)

Example: remembering someones face after a lightening strike

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4
Q

What is our Short Term Memory? How long can it hold information for? How many items can it hold?

A

Holding information for a few seconds
(~4-7 items for 15-20 seconds)
Example: looking up a number and then dialling it

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5
Q

What is our Long Term Memory? How long and how much information can it store?

A

Storing information for long term

large data, unlimited time

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6
Q

What are the three kinds of long term memory?

A

Episodic
Procedural
Semantic

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7
Q

What Is the Modal Model of memory

A

flow diagram for memory

  1. input to sensory memory
  2. need attention to go from sensory to STM
  3. need rehearsal to go from STM to LTM
  4. retrieval to go from LTM to STM
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8
Q

What are control processes for memory? 2 Examples

A

The dynamic process controlled by a person

  1. attention
  2. rehearsal
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9
Q

Explain why the trail of a sparkler looks continuous ? What memory does this?

A

because the visual system retains perception for a fraction of a second even after it has passed (the persistence of vision)
SENSORY MEMORY

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10
Q

What is the persistence of vision

A

the retention of the continued perception of a visual stimulus even after It is no longer present

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11
Q

What are two examples of sensory memory from vision

A
  • watching a movie in a theatre (still images are flashed sequentially and are perceived as continuous)
  • sparkler
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12
Q

What is the capacity and duration of sensory memory?

A

Sensory memory can hold ~80% of data (12 letters) for less than a second before it is rapidly lost
(can differ based on the complexity of the stimuli)

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13
Q

What kinds of information does sensory memory hold?

A

Sensory memory can hold both visual (iconic) and auditory (echoic) memory in raw form for very brief periods

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14
Q

Why do we need a sensory memory?

A
  • means of holding raw unattended information so it can be processed
  • it Is how we perceive continuous motion

In sum the sensory memory hold incoming information so we can choose which ones to attend and bring to the STM

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15
Q

Does the sensory memory require attention?

A

No

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16
Q

Which form of memory can be called the window to the present or a mental desktop

A

STM

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17
Q

What kinds of information is stored in the STM

A

mostly auditory and visual

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18
Q

What kinds of information is stored in the LTM

A

any kind

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19
Q

STM depends on ______?

A

Control processes

- conscious attention, rehearsal

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20
Q

What is the duration of the STM

A

15-20 seconds or less

can be held for longer with rehearsal

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21
Q

How many items can be held in the STM?

A

7 (plus or minus 2), new studies are suggesting 4

reason why phone numbers, registration plates and SINs are 7 ish symbols

22
Q

How can STM be assessed

A
  1. The digit span task

2. Change detection tasks (harder with more stimuli)

23
Q

What have change detection tasks told us about how many items can be held in the STM

A

after change detection tasks got to 4 items, performance decreased which suggests that 4 might be the right limit of the STM

24
Q

What are the two things that STM capacity is limited by

A
  1. Number of items

2. complexity of items

25
Q

What is chunking?

A

small larger units of information can be combined to form smaller meaningful units/ chunks
123456
12 34 56

26
Q

What are other ways (beside chunking) that we can use to increase STM capacity (3)

A
  • writing/ making notes
  • using figures
  • external aids (calendars and reminders)
27
Q

Whats an example of chunking that was not discussed in class?

A

waitress taking an order

28
Q

What is our working memory

A

The system for temporary storage and manipulation of information

29
Q

Three examples where we use our working memory

A

comprehension
learning
reasoning

30
Q

Can the same information be held in the STM and WM

A

yes, it is based on how we are using it

- working memory is a more dynamic view of how memory systems work

31
Q

What are the three components of the working memory model

A

Phonological loop
Visuospatial sketchpad
central executive

32
Q

What is the Phonological Loop, what kind of information does it store? What is the Articulatory Rehearsal Process?

A

auditory/verbal information

  • phonological store: holds auditory/ verbal information
  • articulatory rehearsal process : enables rehearsal that prevents decay of the information from the phonological store
33
Q

What is the Visuospatial Sketch Pad?

A

holds visual and spatial information

- holding a picture in mind or solving a puzzle

34
Q

What is the Central Executive

A

this links to and coordinates activity of both phonological loops and the VSSP

  • pulls information from the LTM when required
  • Decides how to divide attention between different tasks
35
Q

Explain the components of working memory when driving

A
  • phonological loop: listening to driving directions when driving
  • VSSP: visualize the map of the street
  • the central executive coordinates between the PL and VSSP, and helps to ignore irrelevant information (example: the radio)
36
Q

Confusing letters and words based on sound rather than visual similarity is evidence for which component of thr working memory?

A

Phonological loop

37
Q

Evidence suggests that the phonological loop Is limited to holding ____ for _____

A
  1. Auditory/ verbal information

2. For short periods of time

38
Q

What is the evidence of the VS sketch pad

A
  • vs sketch pad holds visual and spatial images in the mind (Example: A and B are not the same)
  • mentally rotating objects takes time and concentration
39
Q

What is the evidence for the central executive

A
  • control centre of the WM
  • does not store information but coordinates the functions between the PL and VSSP
  • primarily controls attentions
  • involves the frontal lobes
40
Q

What is Executive attention and which component of working memory controls it

A
  • directing attention based on goals/interests
    example- slipping on ice while driving
    CENTRAL EXECUTIVE
41
Q

What is Preservation? What area of our WM is this associated with

A

this occurs when old rules continue to be followed despite negative feedback
- Central executive deficit
(also seen in patients with schizophrenia)

42
Q

What is an episodic buffer

A

the episodic buffer enables the wm to access information from the LTM
- enables chunking (meaningful representation of information)

43
Q

What are the limitations of the Working Memory model (4)

A
  • the central executive is difficult to test
  • lack of evidence for the existence of the episodic buffer
  • difficult to distinguish WM from attentional processes/attentional control
  • many confusing terms
44
Q

WM tasks always measure _____ _______ not just ________.

A

WM tasks always measure INFORMATION PROCESSING not just STORAGE.

45
Q

What is the simplest test of WM

A

digit span test

46
Q

What is the Trail Making Test

A
  • developed during WW-II (army test battery)
  • tests shifting between well-learned sets and speed of processing
    (circles with numbers and letters, connect A-1, B-2 etc )
  • very sensitive to WM deficits
47
Q

What is Working Memory primarily associated with in the brain

A

prefrontal cortex

48
Q

How do we test the function of the WM including holding memory “online”

A

Delayed response task

49
Q

what is the delayed response task 1 ? damage to where results in impairment

A
  • monkeys showed 2 trays, one with food, trays get covered, they must remember which tray had food in order to get the food
  • FL
50
Q

Working memory is associated with which region of the brain

A

PFC

51
Q

Is working memory a localized function ?

A

no

Psychology 365- Cognitive Psychology (11 decks)

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