Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psychology 365- Cognitive Psychology > Chapter 3: Perception > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Perception Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards AP® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

What is a stimulus

A
  • anything that interact with our sensory system/ receptors

- light on retina, sound vibrations In ear drum, molecules that bind to nose/ tongue , touch/ pressure on the skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q
  • What spectrum of light can humans detect?
  • what spectrum of sound can humans detect
  • how many basic senses can we detect
  • how many smells
A
  • light within 400-700 nm
  • south within 20-20 000 hertz
  • 5 basic tastes
  • hundreds of smells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is transduction?

Give example

A
  • physical information is converted into neural signals

- ex. light hits retina and activates rods or cones which triggers neural impulses which go to the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Why aren’t neural impulses turned back into images/sounds

A
  • because there is no homunculus (little person in our head that controls everything )
  • there is no need to because neural impulses are enough
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is perception and what is it based on?

A
  • experience resulting from a stimulation of the senses
  • understanding and processing
  • perception is not based on direct contact with a stimulus but on neural representation of the stimulus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How does the brain know what kind of sensations are coming in?

A
  • Neural Representation
  • specialized cells
  • the brain knows specialized cells that respond to each feature of a stimulus, all are individuals integrated to for a big picture
  • horizontal, vertical
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is sensation

A
  • receiving information through sense organs

- to perceive is to know / understand the sensation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is Visual Agnosia

A
  • the inability to recognize objects
  • they are able to see the object but cannot recognize it
  • they can describe it
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Are there pain receptors in the brain

A

no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

when do we perceive things?

- Do you need to be able to perceive information to be able to create output?

A
  • always
  • you need information input to be able to think about it
  • you need to be able to perceive information to be able to create output
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the perceptual abilities of humans
(Things that machines find hard to do)
5

A
  • the ability to perceive degraded information (ex blurry images)
  • ability to perceive partial objects as complete
  • ability to perceive an object from different viewpoints as the same (viewpoint invariance )
  • ability to perceive scenes accurately
  • the ability to ignore irrelevant / superficial details
    (machines cannot use old knowledge to perceive new stimuli)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Why is human perception different than self driving cars

A
  • top-down processing and bottom up
  • gestalt principles
  • environmental regularities
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Why are human perception abilities special?

A
  • top down processes and bottom-up processes
  • gastalt principles
  • environmental regularities (physical, semantic)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is Bottom-up processing

A
  • bottom-up information from the environment to the brain
    (sensation)
    outside- inside
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is Top-Down processing

A
  • Top-down information from higher cortical regions
  • reasoning, expectation, prediction, knowledge and experience
  • ex. recognizing a scene (air show vs air port) , hearing words in sentence, learning from experience
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is an example of top-down processing

A
  • Hearing words in a sentence
  • listening to people speak in an unfamiliar language (cannot tell when one word ends and the next starts)
  • continues speech is sent from ear to brain (bottom -up) brain breaks the speech into individual words (top-down)
  • learn from the experience hidden figure in picture, once you see it you will always notice it
17
Q

What are Gestalts 5 principles of perceptual organization?

A
  1. built-in/ hard-wired principles (see part of an object and we can figure out what the object is without seeing the whole thing )
    - infants are surprised if covered object is exposed to show an incomplete object
  2. Good Continuation
    - stimuli that appear to be continuous are perceived as belonging together (people tend to mentally form a physical line
    - simplicity is preferred over complexity
    - objects that are covered continue out of view
  3. Good figure/ simplicity
    - the simplest form is perceived
    - related to principle of continuity (circles overlapping are perceived as complete
  4. Similarity
    - objects are grouped based on similarity
  5. Proximity
    - things that are near each other appear to be grouped together
18
Q

Why are Gestalts principles useful?

A
  • assumptions we make all the time (broken segments of legs from fence are perceived as the same persons leg)
  • automatic processes (someone hiding behind something)
  • hard to program this into self driving cars
19
Q

What are the 2 kinds of Environmental Regularities

A

physical regularities and semantic regularities

20
Q

What are physical regularities

A

physical regularities: certain characteristics occur in the environment frequently (green landscapes or nice weather)

  • we incorporate this information in perceptual processing
  • we perceive horizontal and verticals more easily than other orientations
  • light from above assumption: we assume sun and most artificial light comes from above
  • indentations turn into rounded mounds (ex. sand)
21
Q

What are semantic regularities

A
  • scene schemas (knowledge about what happens in a scene)
  • Schemas affect perception
  • we recognize objects related to the scene more accurately than unrelated
  • meaning of a scene
22
Q

Perception results from the interaction of?

A
  • bottom-up processes (inputs from sensory systems)
  • Top down processes (knowledge and experience )
  • Gestalt principles (regularities in the environment )
23
Q

Where are there more neurons that respond to horizontal and vertical orientations

A
  • there are more neurons in the visual system which respond to vertical and horizontal lines than other orientations
24
Q

What is Experience- Dependent plasticity

A
  • neural responses are shaped by experiences
  • FFA preferentially responds for faces
  • can also activate in response to experience and training
25
Q

how does movement facilitate perception

A
  • we are able to see what we wouldn’t have otherwise

- ex. people of the same size in an optical illusion room, if you stand still you can see illusion, if you move you cant

26
Q

What is an Ames room

A
  • the left corner is twice as far as the right corner
  • window sizes are changed to add to effect
  • a person who can move about is not affected by the illusion
  • movement facilitates perception
27
Q

What are the two streams of visual processing

A 
- the ventral (what) pathway 
for object recognition
(primary visual cortex/ striate cortex/V1 to temporal lobe)
-Dorsal (where) pathway
locating and acting on objects
28
Q

What are the two types of perception discrimination

- which lesions produce them

A
  • object discrimination: lesion to temporal lobe makes picking shapes difficult
  • landmark discrimination: lesioning parietal lobe

Psychology 365- Cognitive Psychology (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions