Chapter 6 Key Terms Flashcards
Circulatory System
System that consists of the cardiovascular system (heart, blood, and blood vessels) and the lymphatic system (lymph, lymph vessels, and nodes) and is the means by which oxygen and nutrients are carried to the cells and carbon dioxide and other wastes are carried away from them
Septa (Septum)
Partitions consisting mostly of myocardium that separate the right and left chambers of the heart
Pericardium
A thin fluid filled sac that surrounds the heart
Epicardium
The thin outer layer of the heart
Myocardium
The middle muscle layer of the heart
Endocardium
The thin inner layer of the heart
Atria (atrium)
The upper receiving chambers on each side of the heart
Ventricles
The lower pumping or delivering chambers on each side of the heart
Atrioventricular (AV) Valves
The valves at the entrance to the ventricles
Chordae tendineae
Thin threads of tissue that attach the atrioventicular valves to the walls of a the ventricles to help keep them from flipping back into the atria
Semilunar valves
Valves at the exits of the ventricles that are crescent shaped like the moon
Interatrial septum
The partition that separates the right and left atria
Interventricular Septum
The partition that separates the right and left ventricles
Coronary arteries
Arteries that branch off of the aorta just beyond the aortic semilunar valves that delivers blood to the heart muscle
Myocardial ischemia
Condition resulting from an insufficient supply of blood to meet the oxygen needs of the heart muscle
Myocardial infarction (MI)
Heart attack or necrosis (death) of heart muscle from lack of oxygen
Cardiac Cycle
One complete contraction and subsequent relaxation of the heart
Systole
Contracting phase of the cardiac cycle
Diastole
Relaxing phase of the cardiac cycle
Sinoatrial (SA)node or Pacemaker
Structure that generates the electrical impulse that initiates heart contraction
Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)
An actual record of the electrical currents that correspond to each event in heart muscle contraction
Murmurs
Abnormal heart sounds due to faulty valve action
Heart rate
Number of beats per minute, which is normally around 72 beats per minute in adults
Cardiac output
Volume of blood pumped by the heart in 1 minute and averages 5 liters per minute
Arrhythmia
An irregularity in the heart rate, rhythm, or beat
Bradycardia
A slow heart rate, less than 60 beats per minute
Tachycardia
A fast heart rate over 100 beats per minute
Extrasystoles
Extra beats before the normal beat
Fibrillations
Rapid uncoordinated contractions, and can result in lack of pumping action
Pulse
Palpable rhythmic throbbing caused by alternating contraction and expansion of an artery as a wave of blood passes through it
Blood pressure
Measure of the force (pressure) exerted by the blood on the walls of blood vessels
Sphygmomanometer
Blood pressure cuff, device that is used to measure blood pressure
Systolic pressure
The pressure in the arteries during contractions of the ventricles
Diastolic pressure
The arterial pressure during relaxation of the ventricles
Angina pectoris
Also called ischemic heart disease (IHD); pain on exertion caused by inadequate blood flow to the myocardium from the coronary arteries
Aortic stenosis
Narrowing of the aorta or its opening
Bacterial endocarditis
An infection of the lining of the heart most commonly caused by streptococci
Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)
Impaired circulation caused by inadequate pumping of a diseased heart resulting in fluid buildup (edema) in the lungs or other tissues
Pericarditis
Inflammation of the pericardium
Pulmonary circulation
Carries blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs to remove carbon dioxide and pick up oxygen and returns oxygenated blood to the left atrium of the heart
Systemic circulation
Serves the rest of the body carrying oxygenated blood and nutrients from the left ventricle of the heart to the body cells and returning to the right atrium of the heart with blood that is carrying carbon dioxide and other wats products of metabolism from the cells
Arteries
Are blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart
Veins
Are blood vessels that return blood to the heart
Lumen
Internal space of a blood vessel through which blood flows
Median Cubital Vein
Located near the center of the antecubital area, it is the preferred Vein for Venipuncture in the H shaped pattern. Larger and closer to the surface and more stationary than the others making it the easiest and least painful to Puncture and the least likely to bruise
Cephalic Vein
Located in the lateral aspect of the antecubital area it is the second choice Vein for Venipuncture in the H shaped pattern. It is often harder to palpate than the median cubital but is fairly well anchored and often the only vein that can be palpated (felt) in obese patients
Basilic Vein
A large vein located on the medial aspect (inner side) of the antecubital area, it is the last choice Vein for Venipuncture in either vein distribution pattern. It is generally easy to palpate but is not as well anchored and rolls more easily, increasing the accidental Puncture of the anterior or posterior branch of the medial cutaneous nerve (a major arm nerve) or brachial artery which both commonly underlie this area. (Punctures are more painful in this area)
Plasma
The top layer of clear liquid used for testing; also the fluid portion of the blood in the living body
Serum
Normally clear pale yellow fluid that can be separated from a clotted blood specimen and had the same composition as plasma except it does not contain fibrinogen
Buffy coat
The layer of WBCs and platelets that forms between the red blood cells and plasma when anticoagulated blood settles or is centrifuged
Whole blood
Blood that is in the same form as when it circulated in the bloodstream
Hemostasis
The process by which the body stops the leakage of blood from
The vascular system after injury also known as the coagulation process
Coagulation process
Same as Hemostasis, but proceeds in 4 stages
Primary Hemostasis
Consists of the first two stages of the coagulation process which is Vasoconstriction and platelet plug formation
Platelet aggregation
Platelets sticking to one another
Platelet adhesion
Platelets adhering (sticking) to an injured area
Secondary Hemostasis
Stages 3 and 4 of the coagulation process which consist of fibrin Clot formation and fibrinolysis
Fibrinolysis
Involves the ultimate removal of dissolution of the blood clot once healing has occurred
Coagulation cascade
Sequential activation of the coagulation factors
Intrinsic Pathway
Involves activation of coagulation factors circulating within the bloodstream
Extrinsic pathway
Initiated by the release of thromboplastin (factor 3) from injured tissue
