Chapter 5 Key Terms Flashcards
Alveoli
Tiny air sacs in the lungs where’d the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place.
Anabolism
A constructive process by which the body converts simple compounds into complex substances needed to carry out the cellular activities of the body.
Anatomic Position
The position of standing erect, arms at the side, with eyes and palms facing forward. When describing the direction or the location of a given point of the body, medical personnel normally refer to the body as if the patient were in the anatomic position, regardless of actual body position.
Anatomy
The structure of an organism, or the science of the structural composition of living organisms. In humans, the structural composition of the body.
Anterior
Pertaining to or referring to the front of the body; also called ventral
Avascular
Without blood or lymph vessels
Body Cavities
Large, hollow spaces in the body that house the various organs.
Body Planes
A flat surface resulting from a real or imaginary cut through a body in the normal anatomic position.
Bursae
Small synovial fluid-filled sacks in the vicinity of joints that ease friction between joint parts or tendons and bone.
Cartilage
A type of hard, nonvascular connective tissue
Catabolism
The process by which complex substances are broken down into simple ones, including the digestion of food.
Diaphragm
The dome shaped muscle that separates the abdominal cavity from the thoracic cavity.
Distal
Farthest from the center of the body, origin, or point of attachment.
Dorsal
Posterior or pertaining to the back.
Frontal Plane
Divides the body vertically into front and back portions; also called coronal plane.
Gametes
Sex cells
Hemopoiesis / Hematopoiesis
Production and development of blood cells and other formed elements, normally in the bone marrow.
Homeostasis
The “steady state” (state of equilibrium) of the internal environment of the body maintained through feedback and regulation in response to internal and external changes.
Hormones
Powerful chemical substances that affect many body processes.
Meninges
Three layers of connective tissue that enclose the spinal cavity
Metabolism
The sum of all the physical and chemical reactions necessary to sustain life
Mitosis
A type of cell duplication that involves DNA doubling and cell division.
Nephron
The microscopic functional unit of the kidneys.
Neuron
Fundamental working unit of the nervous system.
Phalanges
Bones of the fingers or toes.
Physiology
The function of an organism, or the science of the functions of living organisms.
Pituitary Gland
Endocrine gland under the control of the hypothalamus that secretes hormones that control other glands; sometimes called the master gland.
Prone
Lying face down.
Pronation
The condition of being prone or the act of turning the body or body part face down.
Proximal
Nearest to the center of the body or point of attachment.
Sagittal Plane
Divides the body vertically into right and left portions.
Supine
Lying on the back with the face up.
Supination
The condition of being supine or the act of turning the body or body part face up.
Synovial Fluid
Viscid (sticky ) colorless fluid found in joint cavities.
Transverse Plane
Divides the body horizontally into equal upper and lower portions.
Ventral Cavities
Internal spaces located in the front.
Midsagittal (Medial) Plane
Divides the body vertically into equal right and left portions.
External (Superficial)
On or near the surface of the body.
Internal (Deep)
Within or near the center of the body
Medial
Toward the midline or middle of the body.
Lateral
Toward the side of the body.
Palmar
Concerning the palm of the hand.
Plantar
Concerning the sole of the foot.
Superior (Cranial)
Higher, or above or toward the head.
Inferior (Caudal)
Beneath, or lower or away from the head.
Dorsal Cavities
Internal spaces located in the back of the body.
Cell
Is the basic structural unit of all life.
Tissues
Group of similar cells that work together to perform a special function.
Connective Tissue
Supports and connects all parts of the body and includes adipose (fat) tissue, Cartilage, bone, and blood.
Epithelial Tissue
Covers and protects the body and lines organs, vessels, and cavities.
Muscle Tissue
Contracts to produce movement.
Nerve Tissue
Has the ability to transmit electrical impulses.
Adipose Tissue
Denoting fat.
Nucleus
Large, dark-staining organelle near the center of the cell and composed of DNA and protein.
Chromosomes
Long strands of DNA organized into units called genes, occurring in humans in 23 identical pairs (46 individual).
Cytoplasm
Substance within a cell composed of fluid (cytosol) and various organelles and inclusions.
Organelles
Specialized structures within the cytoplasm.
Mitochondria
Oval or rod shaped organelles.
Arthritis
Joint disorder characterized by joint inflammation, pain, and swelling.
Bursitis
Inflammation of a bursa.
Gout
Joint disorder (commonly of the feet) caused by faulty Uric acid metabolism.
Osteomyelitis
Inflammation of the bone (especially the marrow), caused by bacterial infection.
Osteochondritis
Inflammation of the bone and cartilage.
Osteoporosis
Disorder involving loss of bone density.
Rickets
Abnormal bone formation indirectly resulting from lack of Vitamin D needed for calcium absorption.
Tumors
Abnormal bone growth.
Body Systems
Are the structures and organs that are related to one another and functions together.
Skeletal System
Is the framework that gives the body shape and support, protects internal organs, and with the muscular system provides movement and leverage.
Muscular System
Gives the body the ability to move maintain posture, and produce heat. Also plays a role in organ function and blood circulation.
Atrophy
Decrease in size (wasting) of a muscle, usually due to inactivity.
Muscular Dystrophy
Genetic disease in which the muscles waste away or atrophy.
Myalgia
Painful muscle.
Tendonitis
Inflammation of muscle tendons, usually due to overexertion.
Histolgic
Pertaining to the microscopic structure of tissue.
Integumentary System
The skin and it’s appendages, including the hair and nails; also referred to as the largest organ of the body.
Integument
Covering or skin.
Skin
The largest organ of the body, is the cover that protects the body from bacterial invasion, dehydration, and the harmful rays of the sun
Exocrine glands
Glands that secrete substances through ducts (oil and sweat glands).
Epidermis
Outermost and thinnest layer of the skin.
Stratified
Arranged in layers.
Dermis
Corium or true skin; a layer composed of elastic and fibrous connective tissue.
Subcutaneous
Beneath the skin.
Squamous
Scalelike
Hair
Nonliving material primarily composed of keratin (a tough protein).
Hair Follicles
Sheaths that enclose hair and contain a bulb of cells at the base from which hair develops.
Arrector Pili
Tiny, smooth muscles attached to hair follicles
Nails
Nonliving keratin material that grows continuously as new cells form the nail root.
Sebaceous (oil) glands
Glands connected to hair follicles; called oil glands because they secrete an oily substance called sebum.
Sudoriferous (Sweat) Glands
Coiled dermal structures with ducts that extend through the epidermis and end in a pore on the skin surface.
Avascular
Without blood or lymph vessels.
Stratum Germinativum / Stratum Basale
Deepest layer of the epidermis.
Melanin
Dark pigment that colors the skin and protects it from the sun. Also found in hair and eyes.
Keratinized
Having become hardened.
Papillae
Small elevations of the dermis that indent the bottom of the epidermis and give rise to the ridges and grooves that form the fingerprints.
Papillary Dermis
The dermal layer that adjoins the epidermis.
Acne
Inflammatory disease of the sebaceous gland and hair follicles.
Cancer
Nasal cell, squamous, melanoma.
Dermatitis
Skin inflammation.
Fungal Infections
Including tinea and ringworm.
Herpes
Including cold sores or viral infection.
Impetigo
Staph or strep infection.
Keloid
Fibrous tissue growth at a scar area.
Pediculosis
Lice infestation.
Pruritus
Itching.
Psoriasis
Chronic skin condition of unknown origin characterized by clearly defined red patches of scaly skin.
Nervous System
Controls and coordinates activities of the various body systems by means of electrical impulses and chemical substances sent to and received from all parts of the body.
Central Nervous System (CNS)
The brain and spinal cord ; and the nervous system command center that interprets information and dictates responses.
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
All the nerves that connect the CNS to every part of the body.
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
Clear, colorless liquid that circulated within the cavities surrounding the brain and spinal cord.
Lumbar puncture
(Spinal tap) to enter the spinal cavity with a special needle and obtain a CSF sample.
Motor or efferent nerves
Nerves that carry impulses away from the CNS.
Sensory or afferent nerves
Nerves that carry impulses to the CNS.
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
A disease involving muscle weakness and atrophy due to degeneration of portions of the brain and spinal cord.
Encephalitis
Inflammation of the brain.
Bones
Special type of dense connective tissue consisting of bone cells surrounded by hard deposits of calcium salts. They are living tissue with their own network of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves.
Joints
The junction or union between two or more bones.
Dendrites
Structures that carry messages to the nerve cell body.
Axons
Threadlike fibers that carry messages away from the nerve cell body.
Epilepsy
Recurrent pattern of seizures.
Hydrocephalus
Accumulation of cerebrospinal Fluid in the brain.
Meningitis
Inflammation of the membranes of the spinal cord or brain.
Multiple Sclerosis
Disease causing destruction of the myelin sheath (fatlike covering) of the nerves of the brain.
Neuralgia
Severe pain along a nerve.
Parkinson’s Disease
Chronic nervous disease characterized by fine muscle tremors and muscle weakness.
Shingles
Acute eruption of herpes blisters along the course of a peripheral nerve.
Endocrine System
Consists of a group of ductless glands that secrete substances called hormones directly into the blood stream.
Endocrine
Refers to a gland that secretes directly into the blood stream.
Hormones
Powerful chemical substances that affect many body processes.
Pituitary Glands
Endocrine gland under the control of the hypothalamus that secretes hormones that control other glands ; sometimes called the master gland.
Hypersecretion
Secreting too much.
Hyposecretion
Secreting too little.
Acromegaly
Overgrowth of the bones in the hands, feet, and face caused by excessive GH in adulthood.
Diabetes Insipidus
Condition characterized by increased thirst and increased urine production caused by inadequate secretion of ADH, also called vasopressin
Vasopressin
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
Dwarfism
Condition of being abnormally small, one cause of which is growth hormone (GH) deficiency in infancy.
Gigantism
Excessive development of the body or of a body part due to excessive GH.
Congenital hypothyroidism
Insufficient thyroid activity in a newborn, from either a genetic deficiency or maternal factors such as lack of dietary iron during pregnancy.
Cretinism
Severe untreated congenital hypothyroidism in which the development of the child is impaired, resulting in a short, disproportionate body, thick tongue and neck, and mental handicap.
Goiter
Enlargement of the thyroid gland.
Hyperthyroidism (Graves Disease)
Condition characterized by weight loss, nervousness, and protruding eyeballs, due to an increased metabolic rate caused by excessive secretion of the thyroid gland.
Hypothyroidism
Condition characterized by weight gain and lethargy due to a decreased metabolic rate caused by decreased thyroid secretion.
Myxedema (hypothyroid syndrome)
Condition characterized by anemia, slow speech, mental apathy, drowsiness, and sensitivity to cold, resulting from decreased functioning of the thyroid gland.
Addison’s Disease
Condition characterized by weight loss, dehydration, and hypotension (abnormally low blood pressure) caused by decreased glucose and sodium levels due to hyposecretion of the adrenal glands.
Aldosteronism
Condition characterized by hypertension (high blood pressure) and edema caused by excessive sodium and water retention due to hypersecretion of aldosterone.
Cushing’s Syndrome
Condition characterized by swollen, “moon-shaped” face and redistribution of fat to the abdomen and back of the neck caused by an excess of cortisone.
Diabetes Mellitus
Condition in which there is impaired carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism due to a deficiency of insulin.
Diabetes Mellitus Type I or insulin-dependent diabetes Mellitus (IDDM)
Type of diabetes in which the body is totally unable to produce insulin. This type is often called juvenile-onset diabetes because it usually appears before 25 years if age.
Diabetes Mellitus type II or non-insulin-dependent diabetes Mellitus (NIDDM)
Type of diabetes in which the body is able to produce insulin, but either the amount produced is insufficient or there is impaired use of the insulin produced. This type of diabetes occurs predominantly in adults.
Hyperglycemia
Increased blood sugar that often preceded diabetic coma if not treated.
Hyperinsulinism
Too much insulin in the blood due to excessive secretion of insulin or an overdose of insulin (insulin shock).
Hypoglycemia
Abnormally low glucose (blood sugar) often due to hyperinsulinism.
Gastrointestinal (GI) Tract
The passageway that extends from the mouth to the anus through the pharynx, esophagus, stomach, and small and large intestines.
Pharynx
A funnel shaped passageway that receives food from the mouth and delivers it to the esophagus and air from the the nose and carries it into the larynx.
Esophagus
Tube that carries food and liquid from the throat to the stomach.
Salivary Glands
Secrete saliva, which moistens food, and contains enzymes that begin starch digestion.
Liver
Accessory organ of the digestive system that stores glycogen, detoxifies harmful substances, secretes bile, and breaks down protein.
Pancreas
An accessory organ to the digestive system that secretes hormones and produces digestive enzymes.
Gallbladder
Accessory organ tot he digestive system.
Amylase
An enzyme found chiefly in saliva and pancreatic fluid, that converts starch and glycogen into simple sugars.
Lipase
Digestive enzyme secretes by the pancreas.
Trypsin
Digestive Enzyme
Appendicitis
Inflammation of the appendix
Cholecystitis
Inflammation of the gallbladder.
Colitis
Inflammation of the colon.
Diverticulosis
Pouches in the walls of the colon.
Gastritis
Inflammation of the stomach lining.
Gastroenteritis
Inflammation of the stomach and intestinal tract.
Hepatitis
Inflammation of the liver.
Pancreatitis
Inflammation of the pancreas
Peritonitis
Inflammation of the abdominal cavity lining.
Ulcer
Open sore or lesion.
Reproductive System
Produces the gametes, sex or germ cells that are needed to form a new human being
Sex or germ cells
Gametes
Spermatozoa
Male gametes or sex cells ; sperm
Ova
Female gametes or eggs
Ovum
Female gametes or sex cells
Gonads
Manufacture and store gametes and produce hormones that regulate the reproductive process.
Cervical cancer
Cancer of the cervix
Infertility
A lower than normal ability to reproduce.
Ovarian cancer
Cancer of the ovaries
Ovarian cyst
A usually nonmalignant growth in an ovary.
Prostate Cancer
Cancer of the prostate gland.
Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)
Diseases such as syphilis, gonorrhea, and genital herpes, which are usually transmitted by sexual contact.
Uterine Cancer
Cancer of the uterus
Urinary System
Filters waste products from the blood and eliminates them from the body.
Kidneys
Organs that form and excrete urine.
Ureters
Ducts (tubes) that carry urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder.
Urinary bladder
A muscular sac that serves as a reservoir for urine.
Urethra
Ducts (tubes) through which urine is voided from the urinary bladder.
Glomerulus
A tuft of capillaries that filter water and dissolved substances including wastes from the blood.
Cystitis
Bladder inflammation
Kidney stones
Uric acid, calcium phosphate, or oxalate stones in the kidneys, ureter, or bladder.
Nephritis
Inflammation of the kidneys.
Renal failure
Sudden, severe impairment of renal function.
Uremia
Impaired kidney function with a buildup of waste products in the blood.
Urinary tract infection (UTI)
Infection involving the organs of ducts of the urinary system.
External respiration
Exchange of respiratory gases in the lungs.
Internal Respiration
Exchange of respiratory gases between the blood and cells in the tissues.
Oxyhemoglobin
Oxygen combined with hemoglobin.
Carbaminohemoglobin
Carbon dioxide combined with hemoglobin.
Bicarbonate ion (HCO3-)
An ion that plays a role in transporting carbon dioxide (CO2) in the blood to the lungs and in regulating blood pH. HCO3- is formed in the red blood cells and plasma from CO2
Partial Pressure of Oxygen (PO2)
A measure of the pressure exerted by dissolved O2 in the blood plasma.
Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2)
A measure of the pressure exerted by dissolved CO2 in the blood.
Acidosis
A dangerous condition in which the pH of the blood is abnormally low (acidic).
Alkalosis
A dangerous condition in which the pH of the blood is abnormally high (alkaline).
Larynx
The enlarged upper end of the trachea that houses the vocal chords, the ends of which mark the division between the upper and lower respiratory tract.
Trachea
A tube that extends from the larynx into the upper part of the chest and carries air to the lungs
Bronchi
Two airways that branch off the lower end of the trachea and lead into the lungs; one branch each into the left and right lungs, where they subdivide into secondary bronchi that divide into smaller and smaller branches.
Lungs
Organs that house the bronchial branches and the alveoli where gas exchange takes place.
Pleura
Layer of thin membrane that encases the lungs.
Pleural space
A small space between the layers of the pleurae of the lungs
Surfactant
Substance that coats the walls of the alveoli, lowering the surface tension and helping to keep them inflated.
Apnea
A temporary cessation if breathing
Asthma
Difficulty in breathing accompanied by wheezing caused by spasm or swelling of the bronchial tubes.
Bronchitis
Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the bronchial tubes.
Cystic fibrosis
Genetic endocrine disease causing excess production of mucous.
Dyspnea
Difficult or labored breathing.
Emphysema
Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD)
Hypoxia
Deficiency of Oxygen
Infant respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS)
Severe impairment of respiratory function in the newborn due to lack of a substance called surfactant in the baby’s lungs.
Pleurisy
Inflammation of the pleural membrane
Pneumonia
Inflammation of the lungs
Pulmonary edema
Accumulation of fluid in the lungs.
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
Virus that is a major cause of respiratory distress in infants and children.
Rhinitis
Inflammation of the nasal mucous membranes
Tonsillitis
Infection of the tonsils
Organs
Structures composed of tissues that function together for a common purpose.
Upper respiratory infection (URI)
Infection of the nose, throat, larynx, or upper trachea such as that caused by a cold virus
Tuberculosis (TB)
Infectious disease affecting the respiratory system caused by bacterium “mycobacterium tuberculosis “
