Chapter 5 Questions And Answers Flashcards
What does the human body consist of ?
30 trillion cells, 206 bones, 700 muscles, approximately 5L of blood, and about 25 miles of blood vessels.
What are the two most important body positions to a blood drawer ?
1) Supine
2) Prone
What are the body planes ?
- Frontal (Coronal) Plane
- Midsagittal (Medial) Plane
- Sagittal Plane
- Transverse Plane
What is the purpose of directional terms ?
To describe the relationship of an area or part of the body with respect to the rest of body or body part , which is often paired with a term that means the opposite.
Body cavities are divided into what groups ?
1) Dorsal
2) Ventral
What does the cranial cavity House ?
It houses the brain.
What does the spinal cavity House ?
It encases the spinal cord.
What does the dorsal cavity include ?
It includes the cranial cavity and spinal cavity.
What does the thoracic cavity House ?
It houses the heart and lungs.
What does the abdominal cavity House?
It houses the organs including stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, spleen, and kidneys.
What does the pelvic cavity House ?
It houses the urinary bladder and reproductive organs.
What does the ventral cavity include ?
It includes the thoracic cavity, abdominal cavity, and pelvic cavity.
How does the body maintain homeostasis ?
By compensating for changes in a process that involves feedback and regulation in response to internal and external changes.
What are the two primary processes of metabolism ?
1) Catabolism
2) Anabolism
Human body consists of trillions of cells responsible for what ?
For all the activities of the body.
Every cell has a ________
Nucleus
What are the 4 basic tissue types ?
- Connective
- Epithelial
- Muscle
- Nerve
What are the most important basic structural components of cells ?
- Nucleus
- Chromosomes
- Cytoplasm
- Organelles
- Mitochondria
What is the function of a Nucleus ?
The command center of the cell that contains the chromosomes or genetic material.
What is a function of a chromosome ?
To govern all cell activities, including reproduction
What is the function of a Cytoplasm ?
Site of numerous cellular activities
What is the function of an organelle ?
Varied, distinct functions depending on the type
What is the function of a Mitochondria ?
Play a role in energy production
What is the function of the skeletal system ?
It is the framework that gives the body shape and support, protects internal organs, with muscular system it provides movement and leverage. Also responsible for calcium storage and hemopoiesis or hematopoiesis.
What does the skeletal system structures include ?
- 206 bones
- joints
- supporting connective tissue that forms the skeleton
Bones can be classified by shape in to what 4 groups ?
- Flat
- Irregular
- Long
- Short
What are flat bones ?
Rib bones and most skull (cranial) bones
What are irregular bones ?
Back bones (vertebrae) and some facial bones
What are Long bones ?
Leg (femur, tibia, fibula), arm (humerus, radius, ulna), and hand bones (metacarpals, phalanges)
What are short bones ?
Wrist (carpals) and ankle bones (tarsals)
What are the disorders of the skeletal system ?
- Arthritis
- Bursitis
- Gout
- Osteomyelitis
- Osteochondritis
- Osteoporosis
- Rickets
- Tumor
What are the diagnostic tests associated with the skeletal system ?
- Alkaline Phosphate
- Calcium
- Complete Blood Count (CBC)
- Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
- Phosphorus
- Synovial Fluid Analysis
- Uric Acid
- Vitamin D
The what are the 3 types of muscles in the muscular system ?
1) cardiac
2) Skeletal
3) smooth (visceral)
What is muscle type determined by ?
- Location
- Histolgic (microscopic) cellular characteristics
- how muscle action is controlled
What are the disorders of the muscular system?
- Atrophy
- Muscular Dystrophy
- Myalgia
- Tendonitis
What are the diagnostic tests associated with the muscular system ?
- Autoimmune antibodies
- Creatine phosphokinase (CPK / CK)
- CPK / CK isoenzymes
- Lactic Acid
- Lactic Dehydrogenase (LD/LDH)
- Myoglobin
- Electromyography
What is the Location, Cell characteristics, and Control Action of the Smooth Muscle ?
- Located : wall of hollow organs, vessels, respiratory passageways
Cell characteristics : nonstriated
Control Action : involuntary
What is the Location, Cell characteristics, and Control Action of the Cardiac Muscle ?
- Located : Wall of the heart
- Cell Characteristics : lightly striated
- Control Action : involuntary
What is the Location, Cell characteristics, and Control Action of the Skeletal Muscle ?
- Located : Attached to bones
- Cell Characteristics : heavily striated
Control Action : Voluntary
Structures within the skin help do what ?
Help regulate body temperature, eliminate small amounts of waste through sweat, receive environmental stimuli (sensation of heat, cold, touch, and pain), and manufacture Vitamin D from sunlight
The structures of the integumentary system consist of what ?
The skin and associated structures referred to as appendages which include exocrine glands, hair, and nails. It also includes blood vessels, nerves, and sensory organs within the skin.
What are the two main layers of the skin ?
1) epidermis
2) Dermis
The epidermis is made up of what ?
- Stratified (layered) epithelial cells
- Squamous (scalelike) epithelial cells
What is the function of the hair ?
Protection
What is the function of the hair follicles ?
To produce hair
What is the function of arrector pili ?
Responsible for the formation of “goosebumps” as they react to pull the hair up straight when a person is cold or frightened. When the muscle contracts it presses on the nearly sebaceous gland, causing it to release sebum to help lubricate the hair and skin
What is the function of nails ?
To protect the fingers and toes and help grasp objects
What is the function of the Sebaceous (oil) glands ?
Sebum helps lubricate the skin and hair to keep it from drying out
What is the function of the sudoriferous (sweat) glands ?
Produce perspiration, a mixture of water, salts, and waste
What is the only layer of the skin where mitosis (cell division) occurs ?
Stratum Basale / Stratum Germinativum
Cells in the stratum germinativum are nourished by what ?
Diffusion of nutrients from the dermis
As the cells divide in the epidermis what happens to them ?
They are pushed toward the surface, where they gradually die from lack of nourishment and become keratinized (hardened), which helps thicken and protect the skin
What layer is thicker the Dermis or epidermis ?
Dermis
What is the Dermis composed of ?
It is composed of elastic and fibrous connective tissue.
What does the Dermis contain ?
Blood and lymph vessels, nerves, sebaceous and sudoriferous glands, and hair follicles
The structure of the dermis can extend to what layer ?
The subcutaneous layer
What is the subcutaneous layer composed of ?
Connective and adipose (fat) tissue that connects the skin to the surface muscles.
What are the disorders of the integumentary system ?
- Acne
- Cancer
- Dermatitis
- Fungal Infections
- Herpes
- Impetigo
- Keloid
- Pediculosis
- Pruritus
- Psoriasis
What are the diagnostic tests associated with the integumentary system ?
- Biopsy
- Microbiology cultures
- Skin scrapings for fungal culture
- skin scrapings for KOH (potassium hydroxide)
- tissue cultures
What are the two functional divisions of the nervous system ?
1) Somatic Nervous System
2) Autonomic Nervous System
What are the 2 main structural divisions of the Nervous system ?
1) Central Nervous System (CNS)
2) Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
What is the autonomic nervous systems function, type of control, and tissue stimulated ?
- Function : Conducts impulses that affect activities of the organs, vessels, and glands
- Type of Control : Involuntary
- Tissue Stimulated : Cardiac Muscle, smooth muscle, and glands
What is the Somatic Nervous systems function, type of control, and tissue stimulated ?
- Function : Conducts impulses that allow an individual to consciously control skeletal muscles
- Type of control : Voluntary
- Tissue Stimulated : Skeletal Muscle
Neurons are highly complex cells capable of doing what ?
- conducting messages in the form of impulses that enable the body to interact with its internal and external environment.
Neurons have a cell body containing a nucleus and organelles typical of other cells but are distinguished by what ?
- unique threadlike fibers called dendrites and axons that extend out from the cell body.
Every part of the body is in direct communication with CNS by means of what ?
- its own set of nerves which come together in one large trunk that forms the spinal cord.
What is the function of the muscular?
Gives the body the ability to move, maintain posture, and produce heat. Plays a role in organ function and blood circulation
What are the structures of the muscular system ?
Includes all the muscles of the body, Cardiac, skeletal, smooth (visceral)
What is the function of the integumentary system ?
The skin and accessory structures within it form the integumentary system. Largest organ of the body that covers and protects the body from bacterial invasions, dehydration, and harmful rays of the sun
What are the skin layers ?
Epidermis -> outer layer
Dermis -> inner layer
Subcutaneous -> beneath the skin layer
What is the function of the Nervous system ?
To control and coordinate activities of the various body systems by means of electrical impulses and chemical substances sent to and received from all parts of the body
What is the central Nervous system ?
It interprets information and dictates responses (CNS is brain and spinal cord) .
What is the peripheral nervous system ?
All nerves that connect the CNS to every part of the body. Cranial nerves and spinal nerves, motor and sensory at the spinal cord.
Which of the two main structural divisions of the Nervous system has control and doesn’t have control ?
CNS doesn’t have control
PNS has control
What is the structure of the Nervous system ?
- Neurons (dendrites, axons)
- PNS
- CNS
Stratum basale / Stratum Germinativum produces what ?
Skin pigment melanin
What are the two main types of nerves in the peripheral nervous system ?
1) motor or efferent nerves
2) sensory or afferent nerves
Motor nerves carry what ?
Impulses from the CNS to organs, glands, and muscles.
Sensory nerves carry what ?
Impulses to the CNS from sensory receptors in various parts of the body
What are the disorders of the Nervous system ?
- Amyotrophic
- Encephalitis
- Epilepsy
- Hydrocephalus
- Meningitis
- Multiple Sclerosis
- Neuralgia
- Parkinson’s Disease
- Shingles
What are the diagnostic tests associated with the Nervous system ?
- Acetylcholine receptor antibody
- Cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) analysis
- Cell Count
- Glucose
- Protein
- Culture
- Cholinestrase
- Dilantin
- Electroencephalogram (EEG)
- Serotonin
What is the function of the endocrine system ?
Consists of a group of ductless glands that secrete substances called hormones directly into the bloodstream.
Hormones affect which body processes?
- metabolism
- growth and development
- reproduction
- personality
- ability of the body to react to stress
- resist disease
What does the endocrine system structures include ?
- various hormone secreting glands and other organs and structures that have endocrine function
Release of hormones by the pituitary gland is controlled by what ?
- chemicals called releasing hormones sent from the hypothalamus of the brain
What are other structures in the body with endocrine function?
- Heart Ventricles
- Kidneys
- Lining of the stomach
- Placenta
What is the endocrine function of the heart ventricles ?
to secrete a hormone called B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) in response to volume expansion and pressure overload
What is the endocrine function of the kidneys ?
they secrete erythropoietin which stimulates red blood cell production when oxygen levels are low
What is the endocrine function of the lining of the stomach ?
it secretes a hormone that stimulates digestion
What is the endocrine function of the placenta ?
it secretes several hormones that function during pregnancy
Endocrine disorders are commonly caused by what ?
tumors, which can cause either hypersecretion (secreting too much) or hyposecretion (secreting to little) of the gland.
What are the endocrine glands in the endocrine system ?
- Pituitary
- Pineal
- Thyroid
- Parathyroid
- Thymus
- Adrenals
- Islets
- Testes
- Ovaries
What is the pituitary glands location, hormone, and hormone function?
- located in the brain
- Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulates the adrenal glands, secretes to other glands
- Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) decreases urine production
- Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) stimulates development of ova and sperm and the secretion of reproductive hormones
- Growth hormone (GH) regulates growth
- Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) controls thyroid activity
What is the pineal glands location, hormone, and hormone function ?
- Located in the brain posterior to the pituitary
- Melatonin helps set diurnal (daily) rhythm with levels lowest around noon and peaking at night; thought to play a role in seasonal affective disorder (SAD)
What is the thyroid glands location, hormone, and hormone function?
- Located in the throat near the larynx
- Calcitonin lowers blood calcium levels
- Triiodothyronine (T3) increases metabolic rate
- Thyroxine (T4) increases metabolic rate
What is the parathyroid glands location, hormone, and hormone function?
- Located in the throat behind the thyroid gland, two on each side
- Parathyroid hormone (PTH) regulated calcium exchange between blood and bones; increases blood calcium levels
What is the thymus glands location, hormone, and hormone function?
- Located in the chest behind the sternum (breastbone)
- Thymosin promotes maturation of specialized WBCs called T lymphocytes (T cells) and the development of immunity
What are the adrenal glands location, hormone, and hormone function?
- Located on top of each kidney
- Epinephrine/adrenaline increases blood pressure, heart rate, metabolism, and release of glucose
- Norepinephrine, also called nonadrenaline increases blood pressure, heart rate, metabolism, and release of glucose
- Cortisol is active during stress, aids carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism
- Aldosterone helots the kidneys regulate sodium and potassium in the bloodstream
What is the islets of langer-hans location, hormone, and hormone function?
- Located in the pancreas
- Insulin is needed for movement of glucose into the cells and decreases blood glucose levels
- Glucagon increases blood glucose levels by stimulating the liver to release glucose (stored as glycogen) in the bloodstream
What are the testes location, hormone, and hormone function?
- Located in the scrotum
- Testosterone stimulates growth and functioning of the male reproductive system and development of male sexual characteristics
What are the ovaries location, hormone, and hormone function?
- Located in the pelvic cavity
- Estrogens stimulates growth and functioning of the female reproductive system and development of female sexual characteristics
- Progesterone prepares the body for pregnancy
What are the Pituitary Gland disorders ?
- Acromegaly
- Diabetes Insipidus
- Dwarfism
- Gigantism
What are the thyroid gland disorders ?
- Congenital hypothyroidism
- Cretinism
- Goiter
- Hyperthyroidism (Grave’s Disease)
- Hypothyroidism
- Myxedema (hypothyroid syndrome)
What does the Parathyroid gland disorders consist of ?
- Hypersecretion of the parathyroids can lead to kidney stones and bone destruction. Hyposecretion can cause muscle spasms and convulsions.
What are the Adrenal gland disorders ?
- Addison’s Disease
- Aldosteronism
- Cushing’s Syndrome
What are the pancreatic gland disorders ?
- Diabetes Mellitus
- Diabetes Mellitus type I
- Diabetes Mellitus type II
- Hyperglycemia
- Hyperinsulinism
- Hypoglycemia
What diagnostic tests are associated with the endocrine system?
- Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
- Aldosterone
- Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
- Cortisol
- Erythropoietin
- Glucagon
- Glucose tolerance test (GTT)
- Glycosylated hemoglobin
- Growth hormone (GH)
- Insulin level
- Thyroid function studies: •T3 (triiodothyronine) •T4 (thyroxine) •TSH(thyroid-stimulating hormone)
What is the function of the digestive system ?
- to provide the means by which the body takes in food, breaks it down into usable components for absorption, and eliminates waste products from this process.
What are the structures of the digestive system ?
- Gastrointestinal (GI) tract extends from the mouth to the anus through the pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines.
- Also includes accessory organs and structures which includes : lips, teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, pancreas, and gall bladder
What is the function of the accessory organ lips, teeth and tongue ?
- to aid in chewing and swallowing food
What is the function of the accessory organ salivary glands?
- they secrete saliva a substance that moistens food and also contains an enzyme that begins the process of starch digestion
What is the function of the accessory organ liver ?
- glycogen storage, protein catabolism, detoxification of harmful substances, and the secretion of bile necessary for the digestion of fat.
What is the function of the accessory organ gallbladder?
- to store and concentrate bile
What is the function of the accessory organ pancreas ?
- to include secretion of insulin and glucagon and the production of digestive enzymes including amylase, lipase, and trypsin.
What are the disorders of the digestive system?
- Appendicitis
- Cholecystitis
- Colitis
- Diverticulosis
- Gastritis
- Gastroenteritis
- Hepatitis
- Pancreatitis
- Peritonitis
- Ulcer
What are the diagnostic tests associated with the gastrointestinal tract of the digestive system?
- Fecal fat
- Gastric analysis
- Occult blood
- Ova and parasites (O&P)
- Serum gastrin analysis
- Stool analysis
What are the diagnostic tests associated with the accessory organs of the digestive system?
- Ammonia
- Amylase
- Bilirubin (bili)
- Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)
- Carotene
- Cholesterol
- Complete blood count (CBC)
- Glucose
- Glucose tolerance test (GTT)
- Lipase
- Triglycerides
What is the function of the reproductive system ?
- it produces the gametes, sex or germ cells, that are needed to form a new human being.
What is the structures of the reproductive system?
- consist of glands called gonads and their associated structures and ducts.
Gonads manufactures what ?
- they manufacture and store the gametes and produce hormones that regulate the reproductive process
What are the structures of the female reproductive system ?
- Ovaries (female gonads), Fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, vagina, and vulva
What are the structures of the male reproductive system?
- testes (male gonads), seminal vesicles, prostate, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal ducts, urethra, penis, spermatic cords, and scrotum
What diagnostic tests are associated with the reproductive system?
- Acid phosphate
- Estrogen
- Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
- Human chorionic gonadotropin (HGC)
- Luteinizing hormone (LH)
- Microbiological cultures
- PAP smear
- Prostate-specific antigen (PSA)
- Rapid plasmin reagin (RPR)
- Testosterone
- Viral tissue studies
What are the disorders of the reproductive system?
- Cervical cancer
- Infertility
- Ovarian cancer
- Ovarian cyst
- Prostate cancer
- Sexually transmitted disease
- Uterine cancer
What is the function of the urinary system?
- The function of the urinary system filters waste products from the blood and eliminates them from the body.
Urinary system plays an important role in what ?
- In the regulation of body fluids
Activities of the urinary system result in what ?
- The creation and elimination of urine
What are the main structures of the urinary system ?
- Two kidneys
- Two ureters
- Urinary bladder
Where are the kidneys located ?
- they are bean shaped organs located at the back of the abdominal cavity just above the waistline one on each side of the body.
What do the kidneys help maintain?
- they help maintain water and electrolyte balance and eliminate urea (a waste product of protein metabolism)
The kidneys also produce erythropoietin which is what ?
- a hormone that stimulates red blood cell production and the enzyme renin, which plays a role in regulating blood pressure
The functional or basic working unit of the kidney is what ?
- the nephron which the kidneys contains nearly a million
As blood travels through a nephron what happens ?
- water and dissolved substances including wastes are filtered from it through a tuft of capillaries called glomerulus.
The resulting glomerular filtrate travels through other structures within the nephron where what happens ?
- Where water and essential amounts of substances such as sodium, potassium, and calcium are reabsorbed into the bloodstream.
The remaining filtrate after the glomerular filtrate is called what ?
- Urine
Where is the ureter located ?
- in the anterior portion of the pelvic cavity.
What happens to the urine at the urinary bladder ?
- urine is voided (emptied) from the bladder to the outside of the body through a single tube called urethra.
What are the disorders of the urinary system?
- Cystitis
- Kidney stones
- Nephritis
- Renal failure
- Uremia
- Urinary tract infection
What are the diagnostic tests associated with the urinary system?
- Albumin
- Ammonia
- BUN (blood urea nitrogen)
- Blood creatinine
- Creatinine clearance
- Electrolytes
- Osmolality
- Urinalysis (UA)
- Ruins C & S (culture and sensitivity)
- IVP (intravenous pyelograohy)
- Renal biopsy
- Nuclear magnetic resonance
