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Kaplan: Anatomy and Physiology Part II > Chapter 6: Head and Neck > Flashcards

Chapter 6: Head and Neck Flashcards

1
Q

What are the structures of the scalene triangle?

A

trunks of the brachial plexus and the subclavian artery

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2
Q

Are the phrenic nerve and subclavian vein within the scalene triangle?

A

no

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3
Q

Label the structure around the scalene triangle of the neck

A

Refer to diagram

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4
Q

Label the structures of the arteries of the head and neck

A
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5
Q

What is the most significant artery of the external carotid system?

A

middle meningeal artery

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6
Q

What do lacerations of the middle meningeal artery lead to?

A

epidural hematoma

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7
Q

What embryological layer makes up the pharyngeal arches?

A

mesoderm and neural crest

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8
Q

What embyrological layer makes up the pharyngeal pouches?

A

endoderm

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9
Q

What embryological layer makes up the pharyngeal grooves or clefts?

A

ectoderm

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10
Q

What is the nerve that supplies the 1st pharyngeal arch?

A

trigeminal:

V3: mandibular nerve
V2: maxillary nerve

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11
Q

What are the structures that arise from mesoderm of the 1st pharyngeal arch?

A

Four muscles of mastication:

  • masseter
  • temporalis
  • lateral pterygoid
  • medial pterygoid

Plus:

  • digastric (anterior belly)
  • mylohyoid
  • tensor tympani
  • tensor veli palatini
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12
Q

What structures (in general) arise from neural crest cells in the arches?

A

skeletal structures and cartilage

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13
Q

What are the structures of the 1 pharyngeal arch formed from neural crest cells?

A
  • maxilla
  • mandible
  • incus
  • malleus

Meckel’s Cartilge: sphenomandibular ligament

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14
Q

What cranial nerves supplies the 2nd pharyngeal arch?

A

CN VII (facial nerve)

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15
Q

What are the structures derived from mesoderm that arise from the 2nd pharyngeal arch?

A

Muscles of facial expression:

Plus:

  • digastric (posterior belly)
  • stylohyoid
  • stapedius
  • platysma
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16
Q

What are the neural crest cell derivatives that arise from the 2nd pharyngeal arch?

A
  • stapes
  • styloid process
  • lesser horn and upper body of hyoid bone
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17
Q

What is the CN that supplies the 3rd pharyngeal arch?

A

CN IX (glossopharyngeal)

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18
Q

What is are the structures that develop from aortic arch mesoderm in the 3rd pharyngeal arch?

A

right and left common carotid artries

right and left internal carotid arteries

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19
Q

What are the structures that the mesoderm of the 3rd pharyngeal arch create?

A

stylopharyngeus muscle

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20
Q

What are the structures that the neural crest cells of the 3rd pharyngeal arch create?

A

greater horn and lower body of hyoid bone

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21
Q

What are the nerves that supply the 4th pharyngeal arch?

A
  • CN X (Vagus nerve)
  • superior laryngeal nerve
  • pharyngeal branches
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22
Q

What does the aortic arch mesentery of the 4th pharyngeal arch give rise to?

A
  • rt subclavian artery (right arch)
  • arch of aorta (left arch)
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23
Q

What does the mesoderm of the 4th pharyngeal arch give rise to?

A

cricothyroid muscle

soft palate

pharynx (5 muscles)

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24
Q

What does the neural crest cells of the 4th pharyngeal arch give rise to?

A

thyroid cartilage

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25
Q

What are the aortic arch derivatives of the 6th pharyngeal arch?

A
  • right and left pulmonary arteries
  • ductus arteriosus (left arch)
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25
Q

What is the nerve that supplies the 6th pharyngeal arch?

A

X

recurrent laryngeal nerve

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26
Q

What does mesoderm of the 6th pharyngeal arch give rise to?

A

intrinsic muscle of larynx (except cricothyroid muscle)

27
Q

What does neural crest cell derivatives of the 6th pharyngeal arch give rise to?

A

all other laryngeal cartilages

28
Q

The ocular muscles (III, IV, VI) and the tongue muscle (XII) do not derive from pharyngeal arch mesoderm but from mesoderm from what structures?

A

occipital somites (somitomeres)

29
Q

Failure of fusion of the second, third, and fourth pharyngeal grooves leads to what?

A

lateral cervical cyst also called branchial cyst

30
Q

The adult derivatives derived from the 1st pharyngeal pouch?

A

epitheal lining of auditory tube and middle ear cavity

31
Q

The adult derivatives from the 2nd pharyngeal pouch?

A

epithelial lining of crypts of palatine tonsil

32
Q

The adult derivatives of the 3rd pharyngeal pouch?

A

inferior parathyroid (IP) gland
thymus (T)

33
Q

The adult derivatives of the 4th pharyngeal pouch?

A

superior parathyroid (SP) gland
C cells of thyroid

34
Q

What does the DiGeorge sequence present with? (Characteristics)

A

immunologic problems and hypocalcemia, and may be combined with cardiovascular defects (persistent truncus arteriosus), abnormal ears, and micrognathia

35
Q

What does the 1st pharyngeal groove give rise to?

A

epithelial lining of external auditory meatus (all other grooves are obliterated)

36
Q

Thyroid gland does not develop from pharyngeal pouches. What does it develop from?

A

thyroid diverticulum

37
Q

The thyroid remain connected to the foregut via what structure?

A

thyroglossal duct (later obliterated)

38
Q

Foramen cecum.

A

former site of the thyroglossal duct

39
Q

Anterior two-thirds of the tongue is associated with which pharyngeal arches?

40
Q

General sensation anterior of the tongue is carried by what nerve?

A

lingual branches of the mandibular nerve (CN V)

41
Q

Taste sensation to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue is carried by which nerve?

A

chorda tympani of CN VII

42
Q

The postrior one third of the tongue is associated with which pharyngeal arch?

A

Pharyngeal arch 3

43
Q

CN responsible for general sensation of posterior 1/3 of tongue?

44
Q

Taste to posterior 1/3 of tongue is innervated by what CN?

45
Q

General sensory innervation to ant 2/3 of tongue is by what CN?

46
Q

CN XII innervates the intrinsic and extrinsic sk. muscle of the tongue except which muscle?

A

palatoglossus muscle

47
Q

How does cleft lip occur?

A

when maxillary prominence fails to fuse with medial nasal prominence

48
Q

How does cleft palate occur?

A

when the palatine shelves fail to fuse with each other

48
Q

Describe intermaxillary segment formation.

A

forms when 2 medial nasal prominences of the frontonasal prominences fuse together at midline and form philtrum of the lip and the primary palate

49
Q

Describe how the secondary plate of face and palate form?

A

from palatine shelves (maxillary prominence which fuse in the midline, posterior to incisive foramen.

50
Q

What are 2 types of first arch syndrome?

A

Treacher Collins and Robin Sequence

51
Q

Treacher Collins Syndrome

A

presents with mandibular hypoplasia, zygomatic hypoplasia, down-slanted palpebral fissures, colobomas, and malformed ears

52
Q

Robin sequence

A

triad of poor mandibular growth, cleft palate, and posteriorly placed tongue

53
Q

What are symptoms of cribriform plate fractures?

A

may result in dysosmia and rhinorrhea (CSF)

54
Q

Pharyngeal fistula?

A

when pouch 2 and groove 2 persist, thereby forming a fistula

55
Q

Pharyngeal cyst?

A

when pharyngeal grooves that are normally obliterated persist, forming a cyst usually located at the angle of the mandible

56
Q

What is a thyroglossal duct cyst? Where is it located?

A

when parts of the thyrglossal duct persist, generally in the midline near the hyoid bone

57
Q

Di George sequence generally has one embyrological basis for occuring?

A

occurs when pharyngeal pouches 3 and 4 fail to differentiate into parathyroid glands and thymus

58
Q

Picture of foramina: cranial fossae

59
Q

Picture of foramina: base of skull

60
Q

Picture of foramina: front of skull

61
Q

Jugular foramen syndrome

A

caused by a tumor pressing on CN IX, X, and XI. Patients present with hoarseness, dysphagia (CN IX and X) loss of sensation over the oropharynx and posterior third of the tongue (CN IX), and trapezius and sternocleidomastoid weakness (CN XI) The nearby CN XII may be involved producing tongue deviation to lesioned side

62
Q

Coronal section of dural sinuses picture

63
Q

Subdural space found between what layers?

A

potential space between meningeal dura and the arachnoid membrane

64
Q

Subarachnoid space lies between what two layers?

A

arachnoid and pia mater

Kaplan: Anatomy and Physiology Part II (19 decks)

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