Chapter 3: Abdomen, Pelvis, and Perineum (continued 3) Flashcards
What is MALT?
throughout the intestine, the lamina propria is heavily infiltrated with macrophages and lymphocytes. Peyers patches are patches of MALT that are prominent in the ileum
The longitudinal muscle of the large intestine is separated into 3 strands called what?
teniae coli
Does the inner surface of the large intestine include plicae?
no plicae
Are their crypts of Lieberkuhn in the large intestine?
yes short crypts
What are haustra and why do they occur?
saccules in the colon that give it its segmented appearance
because the colon is longer than the bands of the teniae coli these ouchings occur giving colon its characteristic “caterpillar” appearance
What is the major function of the colon?
reabsorption of fluid and electrolytes and temporary storage of feces
What type of secretory cells do acini contain?
serous, mucous, or both types
Serous cells in the salivary glands mainly secrete what?
secrete various proteins and enzymes
Mucus cells secrete predominantly what type of secretions?
glycosylated mucins
What are the 3 types of salivary glands?
submandibular, parotid, sublingual
What are some functions of the salivary glands?
- initial triglyceride digestion (lingual lipase)
- initial starch digestion (α-amylase)
- lubrication
Describe parasympathetic regulation of salivary glands?
inc. synthesis and secretion of watery saliva via musarinic receptor stimulation; anticholinergics > dry mouth
Describe sympathetic regulation of salivary glands?
inc. synthesis and secretion of viscous saliva via B-adrenergic receptor stimulation
Where does the parotid gland lie?
on surface of the masseter muscle in the lateral face in front of each external audiory meatus
What types of secretions come from the parotid glands?
entirely serous salivary glands
The parotids drain inside each cheek through which ducts?
Stensens ducts which open into the second upper molar tooth
What type of secretions do the submandibular glands typically secrete
predominance of serous cells; so get a serous fluid mostly
Where do the submandibular glands drain?
in the floor of the mouth near the base of the tongue through Wharton’s ducts
Where do the submandibular glands lie?What type of glands are they?
at the base of the tongue, and are also mixed serous/mucous glands
Where is the major site of mumps?
parotid glands
What is the major site of rabies viruses?
parotid gland
Why is the removal of benign tumors complicated if in the parotid gland?
because of the facial nerve traversing the gland
What is the accessory duct of Santorini?
a persisting remnant of the proximal part of the dorsal pancreatic duct;
it is a persistent accessory duct with separate drainage into the duodenum
In the acinus, the hepatocyes receiving the first blood flow (and the most O2 and nutrients) are found in which zone?
zone 1
Which zone receives the least O2 and nutrients?
Zone 3
Zone 3 of the hepatocyte is most susceptible to what type of injury?
injury by decrease oxygenation of blood or decreased BF into the liver
Metabolic activity commonly associated with Zone I of the hepatocyte?
most involved in glycogen synthesis and plasma protein synthesis (albumin, coagulation factors and complement components)
What metabolic activity is Zone 3 of the hepatocye most concerned with?
lipid, drug, and alcohol metabolism and detoxification
Where are ito cells located?
mesenchymal cells that live in the space of Disse
What is another name for Ito cells?
stellate cells
What is the function of ito cells?
storage of fat-soluble vitamins, mainly vitamin A
What layers does the gallbladder lack unlike the gut tube?
muscularis mucosae and submucosa
What are the main functions of bile?
- absorption of fats from intestinal lumen
- excretion
- transport of IgA
At what vertebral level does the abdominal aorta bifurcate?
at the L4 level
What are the paired visceral branches of the abdominal aorta?
middle suprarenals, renals, gonadals
Where is the most common site for aneurysm of the abdominal aorta?
area between the renal arteries and bifurcation of the abdominal aorta
What are symptoms of abdominal aneurysm?
decreased circulation to the lower limbs and pain radiating down the back of the lower limbs
What is the most common site of an atherosclerotic plaque of the abdominal aorta?
at the bifrucation of the abdominal aorta
The celiac artery passes above the superior border of the pancreas and then divides into what 3 retroperitoneal branches?
left gastric artery
splenic artery
common hepatic artery
What areas of the body does the left gastric artery supply?
- esophageal branch to the distal one inch of the esophagus in the abdomen
- most of the lesser curvature
What are the distributions of the splenic artery?
- direct branches to the spleen
- direct branches to the neck, body, and tail of pancreas
- left gastroepiploic artery
- short gastric artery
What does the left gastroepiploic artery supply?
left side of the greater curvature of the stomach
What does the short gastric branch of the splenic artery supply?
branches that supply the fundus of the stomach
What are the 2 terminal branches of the common hepatic artery?
proper hepatic artery
gastroduodenal artery
What does the proper hepatic artery divide into?
right and left hepatic arteries
What artery branches off the right hepatic artery to supply the gallbladder?
cystic artery
What does the gastroduodenal artery divide into?
right gastroepiploic artery and the superior pancreaticoduodenal arteries.
What does the right gastroepiploic artery supply?
the pyloric end of the greater curvature of the stomach
What does the superior pancreaticoduodenal artery supply?
supplies the head of the pancreas where it anastamoses with the inferior pancreaticoduodenal branches of the superior mesenteric artery
Which artery may be subject to erosion by a penetrating ulcer of the posterior wall of the first part of the duodenum?
gastroduodenal artery
Which artery may be subject to erosion by a penetrating ulcer of the lesser curvature of the stomach?
left gastric artery
Which artery may be subject to erosion by a penetrating ulcer of the posterior wall of the stomach into the lesser sac?
the splenic artery
Be able to label the parts of the celiac artery as displayed in this image.
Refer to diagram
