Chapter 3: Abdomen, Pelvis, Perineum (continued 7) Flashcards
What do Type B spermatogonia differentiate into?
primary spermatocytes that enter meiosis.
Spermiogenesis
final stage of spermatogenesis
Process involves formation of the acrosome, elongation of nucleus, addition of flagellum etc.
What is the acrosome?
structure located over the anterior half of the nucleus, derived from Golgi.
contains hyaluronidase, neuraminidase, and acid phosphatase, enzymes responsible for penetration of corona radiata
What are Sertoli cells?
Question just wanting you to describe their epithelium.
tall columnar epithelial cells
What is androgen binding protein?
it is secreted from sertoli cells and binds testosterone and DHT.
Why do Sertoli cells secrete androgen binding protein?
because high concentrations of these hormones are essential for normal germ-cell maturation
What is the production of androgen binding hormone stimulated by?
FSH follicle stimulating hormone
Sertoli cells secrete inhibin. What is the purpose of inhibin?
to suppress FSH synthesis
What is the purpose of Sertoli cells producing anti Mullerian hormone?
They must do so in fetal life to suppress development of female internal reproductive structures
What is another name for Leydig cells?
interstitial cells/ interstitial cells of Leydig
Where are Leydig cells located?
Within the interstitial tissue lying between the seminiferous tubules
What are the structures the seminiferous tubules drain into. List the next two places it drains.
rete testis –>ductuli efferents (efferent ducts)
What is the organ at which spermatozoa become motile?
epididymis
What type of epithelia lines the epididymis?
pseudostratified columnar epithelia with stereocilia
What is a vasectomy?
bilateral ligation of the vas deferens (ductus deferens) preventing movement of spermatozoa from the epididymis to the urethra
Purpose of seminal vesicles?
produce a secretion that constitutes approximately 70% of human ejaculate and is rich in spermatozoa-activating substances such as fructose, citrate, PGs and several proteins
A penile erection occurs in response to what types of stimulation? Sympathetic or parasympathetic?
parasympathetic
In general how is a penile erection caused?
NO is released causing relaxation of the corpus cavernosum and corpus spongiosum. Which allows blood to accumulate in the trabeculae of the erectile tissue
How does the sympathetic nervous system play a role in ejaculation?
mediates movement of mature spermatozoa from the epididymis and vas deferens into the ejaculatory duct
How do the accessory glands aid in the ejaculatory process?
accessory glands such as the bulbourethral (Cowper) glands, prostate, and seminal vesicles secrete fluids that aid in sperm survival and fertility
What are functions of the somatic motor efferents in aiding in ejaculation?
pudendal nerve innervates the bulbospongiosus and ischiocavernous muscles at the base of the penis stimulating the rapid ejection of semen out the urethra during ejaculation
Label the diagram of the Graafian follicle.
Label diagram
Primary follicles.
when oocyte is surrounded by 2 or more layers of cuboidal cells
Zona pellucida
a thick layer of glycoprotein that is secreted (probably by both the oocyte and granulosa cells) in space between oocyte and granulosa
What do cells of theca interna secrete?
cells of the theca interna synthesize androgenic steroids that diffuse into the follicle and are converted to estradiol
When are the primary follicles considered secondary follicles?
When the antrum is formed
Ovulation is stimulated by what hormonal actions? Also what time in the cycle does it occur?
mid cycle and is stimulated by a surge of LH secreted by the anterior pituitary.
What do the granulosa cells and cells of the theca interna that form the corpus luteum end up secreting if fertilization occurs?
form lutein cells
granulosa lutein cells secrete progeseterone and estrogen and the theca lutein cells secrete androstenedione and progesterone
What is the corpus albicans?
the structure the corpus luteum produces in the absence of pregnancy which becomes a scar of dense connnective tissue
If pregnancy proceeds what is produced that will stimulate the corpus luteum?
human chorionic gonadotropin produced by the placenta
What is the intramural segment?
The part of your fallopian tube that extends into the top of your uterus
Can women with Kartagener’s syndrome have a normal tubal transport of the the ovum?
ciliary action is not essential for normal tubal transport of the ovum
What is the most common location of a tubal pregnancy?
the ampulla
What is endometrium?
the mucosa of the uterus
What is myometrium?
smooth muscle layer of the uterus
What 2 zones is the endometrium divided into?
functionalis
basalis
Describe functionalis layer of the endometrium.
it is the part sloughed off at menstruation
Describe the basalis layer of the endometrium.
the basalis is the portion retained after mensturation that subsequently proliferates and provides a new epithelium and lamina propria
What are the 3 layers of the vagina?
the mucosa, muscular layer, and an adventitia
What becomes the active milk secreting structures during lactation?
the alveoli
The plasma cell population increases significantly during pregnancy and is responsible for what?
secretion of IgA that confers passive immunity to the newborn