Chapter 3: Abdomen, Pelvis, and Perineum (continued 4) Flashcards
The superior mesenteric vein is to the right or left of the superior mesenteric artery?
to the right
What are the major branches of the superior mesenteric artery?
- inferior pancreaticoduodenal arteries
- intestinal arteries
- ileocolic artery
- right colic artery
- middle colic artery
Describe the intestinal arteries.
(How many branches, where do the arise, what do they supply)
They arise as 12-15 branches from the left side of the SMA and segmentally supply the jejunum and the ileum
What is the most inferior branch of the superior mesenteric artery?
the ileocolic artery
What does the ileocolic artery supply?
distal ileum and cecum
The appendicular artery branches from what artery?
the ileocolic artery
What does the right colic artery supply?
supplies the ascending colon
What does the middle colic artery supply?
supplies the proximal two-thirds of the transverse colon
What areas of the body in general (from what structure to what structure) does the inferior mesenteric artery supply?
the distal third of the transverse colon to the pectinate line
What are the 3 branches of the inferior mesenteric artery?
- left colic artery
- sigmoid arteries
- superior rectal artery
What does the left colic artery supply?
the distal third of the transverse colon and the descending colon
What does the sigmoid artery supply?
sigmoid colon
What does the superior rectal artery supply?
descends into the pelvis and supplies the superior aspect of the rectum and anal canal
The branches of the SMA and IMA to the ascending, transverse and descending parts of the large intestines are interconnected by a continual arterial arch. What is the name of this arch?
the marginal artery
The branches of the celiac and superior mesenteric arteries form a collateral circulation within what part of the pancreas.
head of the pancreas
anastomose with superior pancreaticoduodenal artery and inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery
The middle suprarenal arteries branch from what part of the abdominal aorta? Above which arteries specifically?
above the renal arteries
What structures do the middle suprarenal arteries supply?
medial parts of the suprarenal gland
Which renal artery is longer right or left?
the right renal artery is longer than the left and passes posterior to the inferior vena cava
What muscle do the gonadal arteries pass on the ventral surface of?
the psoas major muscle
Where does the IVC (at what vertebral level) does it pass through the caval hiatus of the diaphragm?
T8 vertebral level
The inferior vena cava forms to the right of the lumbar vertebrae and the abdominal aorta by the union of what 2 veins and at what vertebral level?
the 2 common iliac veins at the L5 vertebral level
The IVC receives blood from what parts of the body?
from the lower limbs, pelvis and perineum
The vena cava does not receive blood directly from the GI tract, besides what exceptions?
lower rectum and anal canal
Compare and contrast drainage of blood from left and right suprarenal and gonadal vein.
Right suprarenal and gonadal vein empty directly into the inferior vena cava while the left suprarenal and left gonadal vein empty into the left renal vein
The hepatic portal system is an extensive network of veins that receives the BF from what areas of the body?
from the GI tract above the pectinate line
The hepatic portal vein is formed by the union of what veins? Where are these veins located in relation to other GI organs?
the superior mesenteric (drains midgut) and splenic (drains foregut) veins posterior to the neck of the pancreas
Where does the inferior mesenteric vein drain blood? (What vein does it drain into?
splenic vein
Are there valves in the portal venous system?
no
What are sites for anastomoses to reach caval system?
esophageal veins, rectal veins, and thoracoepigastric vein
Name for what is caused when there is enlargement of rectal veins?
internal hemorrhoids
What is the portal to caval anastomoses causing esophageal varices?
esophageal veins (left gastric veins) (portal system) to veins of the thoracic esophagus, which drain into the azygous system (caval system)
What are the portal and caval anastomoses that lead to internal hemorrhoids?
Portal: superior rectal veins (inferior mesenteric vein) to
Caval: inferior rectal veins (internal iliac veins)
What is the portal to caval anastomoses that leads to caput medusae?
Portal: paraumbilical veins
Caval: superficial veins of the anterior abdominal wall
Renal development is characterized by 3 successive, slightly overlapping kidney systems, what are they?
pronephros
mesonephros
metanephros
Another name for mesonephric duct?
Wolffian duct
Another name for the metanephric mass?
matanephric blastema
From what 2 sources does the permanent kidney develop?
the ureteric bud (metanephric diverticulum)
the metanephric mass (blastema)
The hindgut does not rotate but is divided by what structure?
urorectal septum
What does the urorectal septum divide the cloaca into?
the anorectal canal and the urogenital sinus
Which part of the urogenital sinus becomes the urinary bladder?
upper (cranial) and largest part of the urogenital sinus
Definition of the urachus.
the lumen of the allantois becomes obliterated to form this fibrous cord structure
What parts of the body does the urachus connect?
apex of the bladder to the umbilicus
The entire lining of the bladder has its orgins from what embryological layer?
endodermal origin
What does the middle part of the urogenital sinus form in the female?
urethra
What does the middle part of the urogenital sinus form in males?
prostatic, membranous, and proximal spongy urethra
The prostate gland is formed in what way?
by the endodermal outgrowth of the prostatic urethra
What are the 3 parts of the urogenital sinus?
upper (cranial)
middle
inferior
What does the inferior part of the urogenital sinus form?
lower vagina and primordia of the penis or the clitoris
What areas of the body does the anorectal canal form?
the hindgut distally to the pectinate line
Why does renal agenesis occur?
results from failure of one or both kidneys to develop because of early degenration of the urteric bud
What is bilateral agenesis often associated with?
oligohydramnios and the fetus may have potter sequence
What is potter sequence?
POTTER
* Pulmonary Hypoplasia
* Oligohydramnios
* Twisted skin
* Twisted face
* Extremity Defects
* Reneal Failure (in utero)
What is pelvic kidney caused by?
failure of one kidney to ascend
What is horseshoe kidney?
fusion of both kidneys at their ends and failure of the fused kidney to ascend
Horseshoe kidney hooks under the origin of which artery?
inferior mesenteric artery
