Chapter 3: Abdomen, Pelvis, and Perineum (continued 4)

Question 1

The superior mesenteric vein is to the right or left of the superior mesenteric artery?

Answer 1

to the right

Question 2

What are the major branches of the superior mesenteric artery?

Answer 2

• inferior pancreaticoduodenal arteries
• intestinal arteries
• ileocolic artery
• right colic artery
• middle colic artery

Question 3

Describe the intestinal arteries.
(How many branches, where do the arise, what do they supply)

Answer 3

They arise as 12-15 branches from the left side of the SMA and segmentally supply the jejunum and the ileum

Question 4

What is the most inferior branch of the superior mesenteric artery?

Answer 4

the ileocolic artery

Question 5

What does the ileocolic artery supply?

Answer 5

distal ileum and cecum

Question 6

The appendicular artery branches from what artery?

Answer 6

the ileocolic artery

Question 7

What does the right colic artery supply?

Answer 7

supplies the ascending colon

Question 8

What does the middle colic artery supply?

Answer 8

supplies the proximal two-thirds of the transverse colon

Question 9

What areas of the body in general (from what structure to what structure) does the inferior mesenteric artery supply?

Answer 9

the distal third of the transverse colon to the pectinate line

Question 10

What are the 3 branches of the inferior mesenteric artery?

Answer 10

1. left colic artery
2. sigmoid arteries
3. superior rectal artery

Question 11

What does the left colic artery supply?

Answer 11

the distal third of the transverse colon and the descending colon

Question 12

What does the sigmoid artery supply?

Answer 12

sigmoid colon

Question 13

What does the superior rectal artery supply?

Answer 13

descends into the pelvis and supplies the superior aspect of the rectum and anal canal

Question 14

The branches of the SMA and IMA to the ascending, transverse and descending parts of the large intestines are interconnected by a continual arterial arch. What is the name of this arch?

Answer 14

the marginal artery

Question 15

The branches of the celiac and superior mesenteric arteries form a collateral circulation within what part of the pancreas.

Answer 15

head of the pancreas

anastomose with superior pancreaticoduodenal artery and inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery

Question 16

The middle suprarenal arteries branch from what part of the abdominal aorta? Above which arteries specifically?

Answer 16

above the renal arteries

Question 17

What structures do the middle suprarenal arteries supply?

Answer 17

medial parts of the suprarenal gland

Question 18

Which renal artery is longer right or left?

Answer 18

the right renal artery is longer than the left and passes posterior to the inferior vena cava

Question 19

What muscle do the gonadal arteries pass on the ventral surface of?

Answer 19

the psoas major muscle

Question 19

Where does the IVC (at what vertebral level) does it pass through the caval hiatus of the diaphragm?

Answer 19

T8 vertebral level

Question 20

The inferior vena cava forms to the right of the lumbar vertebrae and the abdominal aorta by the union of what 2 veins and at what vertebral level?

Answer 20

the 2 common iliac veins at the L5 vertebral level

Question 21

The IVC receives blood from what parts of the body?

Answer 21

from the lower limbs, pelvis and perineum

Question 22

The vena cava does not receive blood directly from the GI tract, besides what exceptions?

Answer 22

lower rectum and anal canal

Question 23

Compare and contrast drainage of blood from left and right suprarenal and gonadal vein.

Answer 23

Right suprarenal and gonadal vein empty directly into the inferior vena cava while the left suprarenal and left gonadal vein empty into the left renal vein

Question 24

The hepatic portal system is an extensive network of veins that receives the BF from what areas of the body?

Answer 24

from the GI tract above the pectinate line

Question 25

The hepatic portal vein is formed by the union of what veins? Where are these veins located in relation to other GI organs?

Answer 25

the superior mesenteric (drains midgut) and splenic (drains foregut) veins posterior to the neck of the pancreas

Question 26

Where does the inferior mesenteric vein drain blood? (What vein does it drain into?

Answer 26

splenic vein

Question 27

Are there valves in the portal venous system?

Answer 27

no

Question 28

What are sites for anastomoses to reach caval system?

Answer 28

esophageal veins, rectal veins, and thoracoepigastric vein

Question 29

Name for what is caused when there is enlargement of rectal veins?

Answer 29

internal hemorrhoids

Question 30

What is the portal to caval anastomoses causing esophageal varices?

Answer 30

esophageal veins (left gastric veins) (portal system) to veins of the thoracic esophagus, which drain into the azygous system (caval system)

Question 31

What are the portal and caval anastomoses that lead to internal hemorrhoids?

Answer 31

Portal: superior rectal veins (inferior mesenteric vein) to Caval: inferior rectal veins (internal iliac veins)

Question 32

What is the portal to caval anastomoses that leads to caput medusae?

Answer 32

Portal: paraumbilical veins Caval: superficial veins of the anterior abdominal wall

Question 33

Renal development is characterized by 3 successive, slightly overlapping kidney systems, what are they?

Answer 33

pronephros mesonephros metanephros

Question 34

Another name for mesonephric duct?

Answer 34

Wolffian duct

Question 35

Another name for the metanephric mass?

Answer 35

matanephric blastema

Question 36

From what 2 sources does the permanent kidney develop?

Answer 36

the ureteric bud (metanephric diverticulum) the metanephric mass (blastema)

Question 37

The hindgut does not rotate but is divided by what structure?

Answer 37

urorectal septum

Question 38

What does the urorectal septum divide the cloaca into?

Answer 38

the anorectal canal and the urogenital sinus

Question 39

Which part of the urogenital sinus becomes the urinary bladder?

Answer 39

upper (cranial) and largest part of the urogenital sinus

Question 40

Definition of the urachus.

Answer 40

the lumen of the allantois becomes obliterated to form this fibrous cord structure

Question 41

What parts of the body does the urachus connect?

Answer 41

apex of the bladder to the umbilicus

Question 42

The entire lining of the bladder has its orgins from what embryological layer?

Answer 42

endodermal origin

Question 43

What does the middle part of the urogenital sinus form in the female?

Answer 43

urethra

Question 44

What does the middle part of the urogenital sinus form in males?

Answer 44

prostatic, membranous, and proximal spongy urethra

Question 45

The prostate gland is formed in what way?

Answer 45

by the endodermal outgrowth of the prostatic urethra

Question 46

What are the 3 parts of the urogenital sinus?

Answer 46

upper (cranial) middle inferior

Question 47

What does the inferior part of the urogenital sinus form?

Answer 47

lower vagina and primordia of the penis or the clitoris

Question 48

What areas of the body does the anorectal canal form?

Answer 48

the hindgut distally to the pectinate line

Question 49

Why does renal agenesis occur?

Answer 49

results from failure of one or both kidneys to develop because of early degenration of the urteric bud

Question 50

What is bilateral agenesis often associated with?

Answer 50

oligohydramnios and the fetus may have potter sequence

Question 51

What is potter sequence?

Answer 51

POTTER * Pulmonary Hypoplasia * Oligohydramnios * Twisted skin * Twisted face * Extremity Defects * Reneal Failure (in utero)

Question 52

What is pelvic kidney caused by?

Answer 52

failure of one kidney to ascend

Question 53

What is horseshoe kidney?

Answer 53

fusion of both kidneys at their ends and failure of the fused kidney to ascend

Question 54

Horseshoe kidney hooks under the origin of which artery?

Answer 54

inferior mesenteric artery