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Kaplan: Anatomy and Physiology Part II > Chapter 2: Thorax (continued) > Flashcards

Chapter 2: Thorax (continued) Flashcards

1
Q

What are pleural reflections?

A

lines along which individual regions of parietal pleura merge

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2
Q

What are pleural recesses?

A

potential spaces not occupied by lung tissue except during deep inspiration

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3
Q

Costodiaphragmatic recesses?

A

spaces below the inferior borders of the lungs where costal and diaphragmatic pleura are in contact

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4
Q

Costomediastinal recess?

A

a space where the left costal and mediastinal parietal pleura meet, leaving a space caused by the notch of the left lung

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5
Q

What structures pass through the hilum of the lung?

A

pulmonary vessels, primary bronchi, nerves, and lymphatics

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6
Q

Each lung has how many surfaces? Name them.

A

3 surfaces
- costal surface
- mediastinal surface
- diaphragmatic surface

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7
Q

A tumor at what part of the lung may result in thoracic outlet syndrome? Also what is the name of this type of tumor?

A

apex of neck

Pancoast tumor

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8
Q

What are the 3 lobes of the right lung?

A

superior, middle, inferior

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9
Q

What are the fissures that separate the right lung?

A

2 fissures the horizontal and oblique

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10
Q

Label the image.

A
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11
Q

The horizontal fissure of the right lung separates what lobes?

A

the superior from the middle lobe

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12
Q

The oblique fissure of the lung separates what lobes in the right lung?

A

middle from the inferior lobe

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13
Q

The left lung is divided into how many lobes? What are their names?

A

2 lobes
superior
inferior

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14
Q

What fissure separates the superior and inferior lobes of the left lung?

A

oblique fissure

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15
Q

What is the lingula of the lung?

A

the tip or tongue-like projection of the upper lobe of the left lung

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16
Q

The oblique fissure of both lungs projects anteriorly at approximately what ICS in midclavicular line?

A

5th

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17
Q

Where does the horizontal fissure of the rt lung run in relation to the ICS?

A

runs horizontally from the oblique fissure in the rt 5th ICS to the rt 4th costal cartilage

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18
Q

The superior lobe of the right lung projects anteriorly on the chest wall above which rib?

A

4th rib

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19
Q

A small portion of the inferior lobe of both lungs projects below which rib anteriorly?

A

6th rib anteriorly but primarily to the posterior chest wall

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20
Q

How do we listen to breath sounds of the superior lobes?

A

for rt and lft lungs, stethoscope is placed on the superior area of the anterior chest wall (above the 4th rib for rt lung)

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21
Q

How do we listen to breath sound from the middle lobe of the right lung?

A

stethoschope placed on the anterior chest wall inferior to the 4th rib and medially toward sternum

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22
Q

How do we listen to breath sounds for the inferior lobes of both lungs?

A

primarily heard on the posterior chest wall

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23
Q

Aspiration of a foreign body will most often enter which bronchus?

A

right primary bronchus; which is shorter, wider, and more vertical than the left primary bronchus

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24
Q

Which lobe, when a person is vertical will a foreign body most likely be aspirated into?

A

foreign body usually falls into the posterior basal segment of rt inferior lobe

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25
Q

What are the 2 main ways that lymph flow will return to the blood?

A

right lymphatic duct
thoracic duct

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26
Q

Where do the right lymphatic duct and the thoracic duct drain into?

A

the junction of the internal jugular and subclavian veins on their respective sides

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27
Q

The thoracic duct carries all lymphatic drainage from the body from where in the body?

A

from the body below the diaphragm and on the left side of the trunk and head above the diaphragm

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28
Q

The right lymphatic duct drains lymph flow from what areas of the body?

A

from the right head and neck and the rt side of the trunk above the diaphragm

29
Q

What are the major nodes involved with draining the superficial and deep lymphatic plexus?

A

bronchopulmonary (hilar) nodes
tracheobronchial nodes
bronchomediastinal nodes

30
Q

Which lymphatic nodes drain the lungs?

A

superficial and deep lymphatic plexuses

31
Q

Label the image.

A
32
Q

The lymphatic drainage from the lower lobe of the left lung also drains across the midline and into which lymph nodes?

A

the right bronchomediastinal lymphatic trunk and nodes

33
Q

Label the image.

A
34
Q

Label the image

A
35
Q

The enzyme that converts Angiotensin I to Angiotensin II is produced by what organ of the lung?

A

the lung endothelial cells (ACE)

36
Q

Label this image.

A
37
Q

Fill in the chart.

A
38
Q

What are the major parts of the lining of the trachea? (Iayers)

A

composed of concentric rings of mucosa, submucosa, an incomplete muscularis, and a complete adventitia

39
Q

Mucosa of the trachea have what components?

A

a pseudostratified epithelium, an underlying vascularized loose connective tissue (lamina propria) that contains immune cells, and a thin layer of smooth muscle cells (muscularis mucosa)

40
Q

Describe the submucosa of the trachea?

A

vascular surface area containing large blood vessels. Collagen fibers, lymphatic vessels and nerves

41
Q

Describe the adventitia of the trachea?

A

outside covering composed of several layers of loose connective tissue

42
Q

Describe pseudostratified columnar epithelium.

A

all cells lie on the same basal membrane but only some reach the luminal surface

43
Q

Where is the only other place in the body with pseudostratified columnar epithelium?

A

the male reproductive tract

44
Q

The action of cilia moving dust and particles from the respiratory system up and out to be swallowed is called what?

A

mucosciliary escalator system

45
Q

What are PNE cells? What does it stand for?

A

Pulmonary Neuroendocrine Cells; they are comparable to the endocrine cells in the gut

46
Q

What are other names for PNE cells?

A
  • APUD cells (amino precursor uptake decarboxylase)
  • DNES cells (Diffuse Neuro Endocrine System)
  • K (Kulchitsky) cells
47
Q

Where are Kultchitsky cells found?

A

they occur in clusters and are often located at airway branch points

48
Q

What are brush cells of the lungs?

A

may represent goblet cells that have secreted their product or intermediate stages in the formation of goblet or the tall ciliated cells

49
Q

What are basal cells of the lungs?

A

stem cells for the ciliated goblet cells

50
Q

Intensive irritation from smoking leads to the change from ciliated epithelium in the bronchioles to what type of epithelium?

A

squamous metaplasia

51
Q

Bronchial metastatic tumors arise from what type of cells?

A

kultchitsky cells

52
Q

The number of goblet cells and submucosa increases or decreases from the trachea to the small bronchi?

A

decreases

53
Q

Are goblet or basal cells present or absent in terminal bronchioles?

A

absent

54
Q

Where are Clara cells found?

A

in the bronchioles

55
Q

Cystic fibrosis can result in abnormally thick mucous, in part due to defective chloride transport by what type of cells?

A

Clara cells

56
Q

What is another name for Clara cells?

A

bronchiolar secretory cells

57
Q

Describe what is secreted from Clara cells?

A

a serous solution similar to surfactant

58
Q

What is emphysema caused by?

A

a loss of elastic fibers ; results in chronic airflow obstruction

59
Q

Which is reversible? Asthma or emphysema?

A

asthma

60
Q

What is the major cell lining of the alveoli?

A

Type I pneumocytes

61
Q

Other names for Type I pneumocytes?

A

small alveolar cell

alveolar type I cell

62
Q

Which is primarily involved in gas exchange? Type I or Type II pneumocytes?

A

type I pneumocytes

63
Q

Which produces surfactant? Type I or Type II pneumocytes?

A

Type II pneumocytes

64
Q

Explain the component of surfactant that make it efficient in its major function? What is the major function of surfactant?

A

phospholipids act as detergent which lowers the surface tension of the alveoli and prevents alveolar collapse during expiration

65
Q

T/F. Corticosteroids induce the fetal synthesis of surfactant.

A

True

66
Q

High insulin levels in diabetic mothers potentiate or antagonize the effects of corticosteroids?

A

antagonize

67
Q

What is responsible for the recoil of lungs during expiration?

A

elastic fibers in the alveoli

68
Q

What are pores of Kohn?

A

openings in the wall of most alveoli

thought to be important in collateral ventilation

Kaplan: Anatomy and Physiology Part II (19 decks)

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