Chapter 3: Abdomen, Pelvis, and Perineum (continued)

Question 1

What is the processus vaginalis?

Answer 1

evagination of the parietal peritoneum and the peritoneal cavity that extends into the inguinal canal

Question 2

What is the tunica vaginalis?

Answer 2

portion of the processus vaginalis that remains patent in the scrotum and surround the testis

Question 3

What is congenital indirect inguinal hernia often caused by?

Answer 3

persistent processus vaginalis

Question 4

What is hydrocele?

Answer 4

a collection of serous fluid in the tunica vaginalis resulting in an enlarged scrotum

Question 5

Does a hydrocele reduce in size when a person is lying down?

Answer 5

no

Question 6

Direct hernias are found medial or lateral to the inferior epigastric vessels?

Answer 6

medial to

Question 7

Indirect hernias occur medial or lateral to the inferior epigastric vessels?

Answer 7

lateral to

Question 8

In relation of the inguinal ligament, where do inguinal hernias occur?

Answer 8

superior to the inguinal ligament

Question 9

How do indirect inguinal hernias occur?

Answer 9

result when abdominal contents protrude through the deep inguinal ring lateral to the inferior epigastric vessels

Question 10

In relation to the spermatic cord, where are indirect hernias found?

Answer 10

within the spermatic cord

Question 11

Direct inguinal hernias result when what happens?

Answer 11

when the abdominal contents protrude through the weak area of the posterior wall of the inguinal canal medial to the inferior epigastric vessels.

Question 12

Which hernia, direct or indirect, usually passes through the inguinal (Hesselbach’s) triangle?

Answer 12

direct hernias

Question 13

What is the lateral border of the inguinal (Hesselbach’s) triangle?

Answer 13

inferior epigastric vessels

Question 14

What is the medial border of the inguinal (Hesselbach’s) triangle?

Answer 14

rectus abdominis muscle

Question 15

What is the inferior border the the inguinal Hesselbach’s triangle?

Answer 15

inguinal ligament

Question 16

Do femoral hernias pass above or below the inguinal ligament?

Answer 16

below it

Question 17

What structures does the femoral sheath contain?

Answer 17

femoral artery, vein, canal

Question 18

What is the nerve that provides parasympathetic innervation to the foregut?

Answer 18

vagus nerves

Question 19

What is the nerve that provides parasympathetic innervation to the midgut?

Answer 19

vagus nerve

Question 20

What is the nerve that provides parasympathetic innervation to the hindgut?

Answer 20

pelvic splanchnic nerve

Question 21

What preganglionic branch of the sympathetic nervous system provides innervation to the foregut?

Answer 21

Preganglionics: thoracic splanchinic nerves (T5-T9)

Question 22

What preganglionic branch of the sympathetic nervous system provides innervation to the midgut?

Answer 22

Preganglionics: thoracic splanchnic nerves (T9-T12)

Question 23

What preganglionic branch of the sympathetic nervous system provides innervation to the hindgut?

Answer 23

Preganglionics: lumbar splanchnic nerves (L1-L2)

Question 24

What postganglionic cell bodies provide sympathetic innervation to the foregut?

Answer 24

Postganglionic cell bodies: celiac ganglion

Question 25

What postganglionic cell bodies provide sympathetic innervation to the midgut?

Answer 25

Postganglionic cell bodies: superior mesenteric ganglion

Question 26

What postganglionic cell bodies provide sympathetic innervation to the hindgut?

Answer 26

Postganglionic cell bodies: inferior mesenteric ganglion

Question 27

Where is referred pain of foregut felt?

Answer 27

epigastrium

Question 28

Where is referred pain of structures in the midgut felt?

Answer 28

umbilical region

Question 29

Where is referred pain of structures in the hindgut felt?

Answer 29

in the hypogastrium

Question 30

What are some foregut derivatives?

Answer 30

esophagus stomach duodenum (first and second parts) liver pancreas biliary apparatus gallbladder

Question 31

What are some midgut derivatives?

Answer 31

duodenum (second, third, and fourth parts) jejunum ileum cecum appendix ascending colon transverse colon (proximal two-thirds)

Question 32

What are some hindgut derivatives of the gut tube?

Answer 32

transverse colon (distal third-splenic flexure) descending colon sigmoid colon rectum anal canal (above pectinate line)

Question 33

Which parts of the body develop from an endodermal outgrowth of the foregut?

Answer 33

lower respiratory tract, liver, biliary system and pancreas.

Question 34

The liver develops in the dorsal or ventral mesentery?

Answer 34

ventral embryonic mesentery

Question 35

The spleen develops in which embryonic mesentery? Dorsal or ventral?

Answer 35

dorsal embryonic mesentery

Question 36

The ventral embryonic mesentery will contribute to which structures that attach to the liver?

Answer 36

lesser omentum and the falciform ligament

Question 37

The dorsal embryonic mesentery will contribute to which structures that attach to the spleen or greater curvature of the stomach?

Answer 37

greater omentum and the gastro-splenic and splenorenal ligaments

Question 38

Peritonitis

Answer 38

inflammation of the parietal peritoneum

Question 39

What is the only communication between the greater and lesser sacs?

Answer 39

the epiploic foramen (of Winslow)

Question 40

Describe intraperitoneal organs.

Answer 40

are suspended by a mesentery and are almost completely enclosed in visceral peritoneum

Question 41

What are retroperitoneal organs?

Answer 41

partially covered on one side with parietal peritoneum

Question 42

What does it mean to say an organ is a secondarily retroperitoneal organ?

Answer 42

Organs that were originally suspended by mesentery

Question 43

What are some major intraperitoneal organs (suspended by mesentery)?

Answer 43

stomach appendix liver and gallbladder transverse colon duodenum, 1st part spleen pancreas (only the tail) rectum (upper 3rd) sigmoid colon small intestine (jejunum, ileum) | SALTDSPRSS

Question 44

What are some major secondary retroperitoneal organs (lost a mesentery during development)?

Answer 44

duodenum, 2nd and 3rd parts head, neck, and body of pancreas ascending colon descending colon upper rectum

Question 45

What are the major primary retroperitoneal organs?

Answer 45

kidneys adrenal glands ureters aorta inferior vena cava lower rectum anal canal

Question 46

Other name for omental bursa?

Answer 46

lesser sac (lesser omentum)

Question 47

Another name for the greater peritoneal sac?

Answer 47

greater omentum

Question 48

What forms the anterior portion of the epiploic foramen?

Answer 48

hepatoduodenal ligament and the hepatic portal vein

Question 49

What forms the posterior portion of the epiploic foramen?

Answer 49

the inferior vena cava

Question 50

What forms the superior portion of the epiploic foramen?

Answer 50

caudate lobe of the liver

Question 51

What forms the inferior portion of the epiploic foramen?

Answer 51

first part of the duodenum

Question 52

What forms the inferior part of the epiploic foramen?

Answer 52

first part of the duodenum

Question 53

What is the falciform ligament?

Answer 53

The part of the ventral embryonic mesentery between the liver and ventral body wall

Question 54

The dorsal pancreatic bud forms what parts of the pancreas?

Answer 54

the neck, body, and tail of the pancreas

Question 55

The ventral pancreatic bud forms what part of the pancreas?

Answer 55

the head and uncinate process

Question 56

What is annular pancreas?

Answer 56

caused by a defect in the rotation and fusion of the ventral and dorsal buds of the pancreas

Question 57

Gastrosplenic ligament?

Answer 57

embryonic mesentery between the spleen and the gut

Question 58

Pathology of hypertrophic pyloric stenosis.

Answer 58

occurs when the muscularis externa hypertrophies, causing a narrow pyloric lumen

Question 59

What is a condition that hypertrophic pyloric stenosis is associated with?

Answer 59

polyhydramnios

Question 60

Symptoms of hypertrophic pyloric stenosis?

Answer 60

projectile, non bilious vomiting

Question 61

What is extrahepatic biliary atresia?

Answer 61

occurs when the lumen of the biliary ducts is occluded owing to incomplete recanilization

Question 62

General symptoms of extrahepatic biliary atresia?

Answer 62

jaundice, white-colored stool, dark colored urine