Chapter 3: Abdomen, Pelvis, and Perineum (continued) Flashcards
What is the processus vaginalis?
evagination of the parietal peritoneum and the peritoneal cavity that extends into the inguinal canal
What is the tunica vaginalis?
portion of the processus vaginalis that remains patent in the scrotum and surround the testis
What is congenital indirect inguinal hernia often caused by?
persistent processus vaginalis
What is hydrocele?
a collection of serous fluid in the tunica vaginalis resulting in an enlarged scrotum
Does a hydrocele reduce in size when a person is lying down?
no
Direct hernias are found medial or lateral to the inferior epigastric vessels?
medial to
Indirect hernias occur medial or lateral to the inferior epigastric vessels?
lateral to
In relation of the inguinal ligament, where do inguinal hernias occur?
superior to the inguinal ligament
How do indirect inguinal hernias occur?
result when abdominal contents protrude through the deep inguinal ring lateral to the inferior epigastric vessels
In relation to the spermatic cord, where are indirect hernias found?
within the spermatic cord
Direct inguinal hernias result when what happens?
when the abdominal contents protrude through the weak area of the posterior wall of the inguinal canal medial to the inferior epigastric vessels.
Which hernia, direct or indirect, usually passes through the inguinal (Hesselbach’s) triangle?
direct hernias
What is the lateral border of the inguinal (Hesselbach’s) triangle?
inferior epigastric vessels
What is the medial border of the inguinal (Hesselbach’s) triangle?
rectus abdominis muscle
What is the inferior border the the inguinal Hesselbach’s triangle?
inguinal ligament
Do femoral hernias pass above or below the inguinal ligament?
below it
What structures does the femoral sheath contain?
femoral artery, vein, canal
What is the nerve that provides parasympathetic innervation to the foregut?
vagus nerves
What is the nerve that provides parasympathetic innervation to the midgut?
vagus nerve
What is the nerve that provides parasympathetic innervation to the hindgut?
pelvic splanchnic nerve
What preganglionic branch of the sympathetic nervous system provides innervation to the foregut?
Preganglionics: thoracic splanchinic nerves (T5-T9)
What preganglionic branch of the sympathetic nervous system provides innervation to the midgut?
Preganglionics: thoracic splanchnic nerves (T9-T12)
What preganglionic branch of the sympathetic nervous system provides innervation to the hindgut?
Preganglionics: lumbar splanchnic nerves (L1-L2)
What postganglionic cell bodies provide sympathetic innervation to the foregut?
Postganglionic cell bodies: celiac ganglion
What postganglionic cell bodies provide sympathetic innervation to the midgut?
Postganglionic cell bodies: superior mesenteric ganglion
What postganglionic cell bodies provide sympathetic innervation to the hindgut?
Postganglionic cell bodies: inferior mesenteric ganglion
Where is referred pain of foregut felt?
epigastrium
Where is referred pain of structures in the midgut felt?
umbilical region
Where is referred pain of structures in the hindgut felt?
in the hypogastrium
What are some foregut derivatives?
esophagus
stomach
duodenum (first and second parts)
liver
pancreas
biliary apparatus
gallbladder
What are some midgut derivatives?
duodenum (second, third, and fourth parts)
jejunum
ileum
cecum
appendix
ascending colon
transverse colon (proximal two-thirds)
What are some hindgut derivatives of the gut tube?
transverse colon (distal third-splenic flexure)
descending colon
sigmoid colon
rectum
anal canal (above pectinate line)
Which parts of the body develop from an endodermal outgrowth of the foregut?
lower respiratory tract, liver, biliary system and pancreas.
The liver develops in the dorsal or ventral mesentery?
ventral embryonic mesentery
The spleen develops in which embryonic mesentery? Dorsal or ventral?
dorsal embryonic mesentery
The ventral embryonic mesentery will contribute to which structures that attach to the liver?
lesser omentum and the falciform ligament
The dorsal embryonic mesentery will contribute to which structures that attach to the spleen or greater curvature of the stomach?
greater omentum and the gastro-splenic and splenorenal ligaments
Peritonitis
inflammation of the parietal peritoneum
What is the only communication between the greater and lesser sacs?
the epiploic foramen (of Winslow)
Describe intraperitoneal organs.
are suspended by a mesentery and are almost completely enclosed in visceral peritoneum
What are retroperitoneal organs?
partially covered on one side with parietal peritoneum
What does it mean to say an organ is a secondarily retroperitoneal organ?
Organs that were originally suspended by mesentery
What are some major intraperitoneal organs (suspended by mesentery)?
stomach
appendix
liver and gallbladder
transverse colon
duodenum, 1st part
spleen
pancreas (only the tail)
rectum (upper 3rd)
sigmoid colon
small intestine (jejunum, ileum)
SALTDSPRSS
What are some major secondary retroperitoneal organs (lost a mesentery during development)?
duodenum, 2nd and 3rd parts
head, neck, and body of pancreas
ascending colon
descending colon
upper rectum
What are the major primary retroperitoneal organs?
kidneys
adrenal glands
ureters
aorta
inferior vena cava
lower rectum
anal canal
Other name for omental bursa?
lesser sac (lesser omentum)
Another name for the greater peritoneal sac?
greater omentum
What forms the anterior portion of the epiploic foramen?
hepatoduodenal ligament and the hepatic portal vein
What forms the posterior portion of the epiploic foramen?
the inferior vena cava
What forms the superior portion of the epiploic foramen?
caudate lobe of the liver
What forms the inferior portion of the epiploic foramen?
first part of the duodenum
What forms the inferior part of the epiploic foramen?
first part of the duodenum
What is the falciform ligament?
The part of the ventral embryonic mesentery between the liver and ventral body wall
The dorsal pancreatic bud forms what parts of the pancreas?
the neck, body, and tail of the pancreas
The ventral pancreatic bud forms what part of the pancreas?
the head and uncinate process
What is annular pancreas?
caused by a defect in the rotation and fusion of the ventral and dorsal buds of the pancreas
Gastrosplenic ligament?
embryonic mesentery between the spleen and the gut
Pathology of hypertrophic pyloric stenosis.
occurs when the muscularis externa hypertrophies, causing a narrow pyloric lumen
What is a condition that hypertrophic pyloric stenosis is associated with?
polyhydramnios
Symptoms of hypertrophic pyloric stenosis?
projectile, non bilious vomiting
What is extrahepatic biliary atresia?
occurs when the lumen of the biliary ducts is occluded owing to incomplete recanilization
General symptoms of extrahepatic biliary atresia?
jaundice,
white-colored stool,
dark colored urine
