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Kaplan: Anatomy and Physiology Part II > Chapter 3: Abdomen, Pelvis, and Perineum > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Abdomen, Pelvis, and Perineum Flashcards

1
Q

What is the linea alba?

A

a shallow groove (band of connective tissue) that runs vertically in the median plane from the xiphoid to the pubis

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2
Q

What is the linea semilunaris?

A

a curved line defining the lateral border of the rectus abdominis, a bilateral feature

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3
Q

Where does the subcostal plane lie?

A

horizontal plane

passes through the inferior margins of the 10th costal cartilages at the level of the third lumbar vertebra

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4
Q

Where does the transpyloric plane lie?

A

passes through the L1 vertebra, being half the distance between the pubis and the jugular notch

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5
Q

The transpyloric plane passes through what important abdominal landmarks?

A

pylorus of the stomach (variable), fundus of gallbladder, neck and body of the pancreas, hila of kidneys, first part of the duodenum, and origin of the superior mesenteric artery

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6
Q

Be able to create a diagram on the regions and planes of the abdomen.

A

Refer to the diagram.

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7
Q

The superficial fascia of the anterior abdominal wall below the umbilicus consists of what 2 layers?

A

Campers fascia and Scarpa fascia

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8
Q

Describe Camper’s fascia.

A

fatty; is the outer, subcutaneous layer of superficial fascia that is variable in thickness owing to the presence of fat

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9
Q

Describe Scarpa fascia.

A

Is the deeper layer of superficial fascia devoid of fat

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10
Q

The Scarpa fascia is continuous with what other fascia layers found in the perineal fascial layers?

A

Colles’s fascia, Dartos fascia of the scrotum, superficial fascia of the clitoris or penis

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11
Q

What 2 layers are the most superficial of the 3 flat muscles of the abdominal wall?

A

external abdominal oblique muscle and aponeurosis

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12
Q

The external abdominal oblique muscle and the aponeurosis contribute to what other major structures of the abdomen?

A

inguinal ligament
superficial inguinal ring
external spermatic fascia
rectus sheath

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13
Q

List the anterior abdominal wall layers from the skin to the parietal peritoneum.

A

skin
superficial fascia: camper (fatty) and scarpa (fibrous)
external oblique
internal oblique
transversus abdominis
transversalis fasica
extraperitoneal connective tissue
parietal peritoneum

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14
Q

What is the inguinal ligament?

A

the inferior rolled under aponeurotic fibers of the external oblique and extend between the anterior superior iliac spine and the pubic tubercle

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15
Q

What is the lacunar ligament

A

fibers of the inguinal ligament form a flattened horizontal shelf that attaches deeply to the pectineal line of the pubis and continues as the pectineal ligament

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16
Q

The medial border of a fermoral hernia is formed by what a structure?

A

lacunar ligament

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17
Q

What is the superficial inguinal ring?

A

vertical triangular cleft in the external oblique aponeurosis that represents the medial opening of the inguinal canal just superior and lateral to the pubic tubercle

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18
Q

What structure transmits the structures of the female and male inguinal canals?

A

superfical inguinal ring

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19
Q

What is the outer layer of the 3 coverings of the spermatic cord.

A

external spermatic fascia (external oblique fascia)

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20
Q

What contributes to the anterior layer of rectus sheath?

A

external aponeuroses

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21
Q

What is the internal abdominal oblique muscle and aponeurosis?

A

The middle layer of the 3 flat muscle regions of the abdomen

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22
Q

What are the contributions of the internal abdominal oblique to the abdominal wall and inguinal region?

A
  • conjoint tendon (falx inguinalis)
  • middle layer of the rectus sheath
  • cremasteric muscle and fascia
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23
Q

How is the conjoint tendon formed? Where does it insert? What is the location?

A

is formed by combined arching fibers of the internal oblique and the transversus abdominis muscle that insert on the pubic crest posterior to the superficial inguinal ring

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24
Q

What muscle contributes to the layers (not just anterior or posterior layers) of the rectus sheath?

A

the internal oblique aponeuroses

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25
Q

What is the cremasteric muscle and fascia? What structures does it cover?

A

represent the middle layer of the spermatic fascia covering the spermatic cord and testis in the male

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26
Q

What part of the body does the cremasteric muscle and fascia run through?

A

in the inguinal canal of the body

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27
Q

What is the deepest part of the flat muscles of the abdomen?

A

transversus abdominis muscle and aponeurosis

28
Q

Does the transversus abdominis muscle and aponeurosis contribute to any layers of the spermatic fascia?

A

no

29
Q

What structure is the deep inguinal ring formed from? Where is it located? Where is it located in comparison to the inguinal canal?

A

by outpouchings of the transversalis fascia immediately above the midpoint of the inguinal ligament and represents the lateral and deep opening of the inguinal canal

30
Q

The inferior epigastric vessels are medial or lateral to the deep inguinal ring?

A

medial to

31
Q

What is the internal spermatic fascia? Where does it start or is formed at?

A

deepest of the coverings of the spermatic cord formed at the deep ring in the male

32
Q

What is the femoral sheath and extension of? Where is it located? What other structures does it contain?

A

an inferior extension of the transversalis fascia deep to the inguinal ligament into the thigh containing the femoral artery and vein and the femoral canal (site of femoral hernia)

33
Q

What contributes to the posterior layer of the rectus sheath?

A

the transversalis fascia contributes to the posterior layer of the rectus sheath

34
Q

What is extraperitoneal connective tissue? Where is it most prominent?

A

thin layer of loose connective tissue and fat surrounding the abdominopelvic cavity, most prominent around the kidneys

35
Q

The gonads develop from the urogenital ridge within which layer?

A

extraperitoneal connective tissue

36
Q

What is parietal peritoneum?

A

outer serous membrane that lines the abdominopelvic cavity

37
Q

Describe the innervation of the skin and musculature of the anterior abdominal wall.

A

Via branches of the ventral primary rami of the lower 6 thoracic spinal nerves (includes the subcostal nerves)

Plus:
iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal branches of the ventral primary rami of L1

38
Q

Describe the major arterial blood supply to the anterior wall of the abdomen.

A
  • superior epigastric branch of the internal thoracic artery (superiorly)
  • inferior epigastric and deep circumflex iliac branches of the external iliac artery (inferiorly)
39
Q

Describe the venous drainage of the anterior wall of the abdomen.

A
  • superficial epigastric, and the lateral throracic veins (superiorly)
  • great saphenous vein (inferiorly)
40
Q

Describe the lymph drainage from tissue of the anterior wall of the abdomen.

A
  • axillary nodes (superiorly)
  • superficial inguinal nodes (inferiorly)
41
Q

What is the inguinal canal? Where is it located?

A

the oblique passageway in the lower aspect of the anterior abdominal wall running parallel and superior to the medial half of the inguinal ligment

42
Q

The deep inguinal ring is medial to or lateral to the inferior epigastric vessels

A

located just lateral to

43
Q

The round ligament of the uterus is a remnant of what embryological structure?

A

caudal genital ligament

44
Q

The round ligament of the uterus is a homologue of what structure found in males?

A

gubernaculum testis

45
Q

Where is the round ligament of the uterus found?

A

between the uterus and labia majora

46
Q

The ilioinguinal nerves (L1) a branch of the lumbar plexus, exits the superficial ring to supply the skin of what area of the body?

A

skin of the lateral and anterior scrotum

47
Q

The spermatic cord begins at what structure of the body?

A

the deep ring

48
Q

What is the testicular artery a branch of? What does it supply?

A

the abdominal aorta that supplies the testis

49
Q

What is the pampiniform plexus?

A

an extensive network of veins draining the testis

50
Q

Where is lymphatic drainage of the testis to?

A

the lumbar (aortic nodes of the lumbar region and not to the superficial inguinal nodes which drain the rest of the male perineum

51
Q

What are the 3 fascial components derived from the layers of the abdominal wall that surround the spermatic cord:

A
  1. external spermatic fascia
  2. middle or cremasteric muscle and fascia
  3. Internal spermatic fascia
52
Q

What is the external spermatic fascia formed by?

A

aponeuorses of the external abdominal oblique muscle at the superficial ring

53
Q

What is the purpose of the cremasteric muscle?

A

elevates the testis and helps regulate the thermal environment

54
Q

The internal spermatic fascia is formed by what fascia?

A

transversalis fascia

55
Q

What is variococele?

A

develops when blood collects in the pampiniform venous plexus and causes dilated and tortuous veins.

56
Q

What structures form the roof of the inguinal canal?

A

formed by fibers of the internal abdominal oblique and the transversus abdominis muscles arching over the spermatic cord

57
Q

What forms the border of the anterior wall of the inguinal canal?

A

formed by the aponeurosis of the external abdominal oblique throughout the inguinal canal and the internal abdominal oblique muscle laterally

58
Q

What forms the border of the floor of the inguinal canal?

A

formed by the inguinal ligament throughout the entire inguinal canal and the lacunar ligament of the medial end

59
Q

The posterior wall of the inguinal canal is formed by what boundaries?

A

divided into lateral and medial areas:

lateral area

medial area

inferior epigastric artery and vein (ascend the posterior wall just lateral to the weak area and just medial to the deep ring

60
Q

What is the lateral area of the posterior wall of the inguinal canal formed by?

A

the transversalis fascia and represents the weak area of the posterior wall

61
Q

What is the medial area of the posterior wall of the inguinal canal formed by?

A

formed and reinforced by the fused aponeuortic fibers of the internal abdominal oblique and transversus abdominis muscles (conjoint tendon)

62
Q

Cancers of the penis and scrotum will metastasize to what lymph nodes?

A

superficial inguinal lymph nodes

63
Q

Testicular cancer will metastasize to which lymph nodes?

A

aortic (lumbar) nodes

64
Q

How can a cremasteric reflex be demonstrated?

A

by lightly touching the skin of the upper medial thigh resulting in a slight elevation of the testis

65
Q

What are the sensory fibers of the cremasteric reflex carried by? What is the motor response carried by?

A

L1 fibers of the ilioinguinal nerve and the motor response is a function of the genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve that innervates the cremasteric muscle

66
Q

During the last trimester, the testis descends the posterior abdominal wall inferiorly toward the deep inguinal ring guided by what structure?

A

fibrous gubernaculum

67
Q

What is cryptorchidism?

A

failure of one or both of the testes to descend completely into the scrotum

Kaplan: Anatomy and Physiology Part II (19 decks)

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