Chapter 6:Cognitive Growth: Information Processing Approaches Flashcards
What is attention?
the ability to strategically choose and sort out stimuli in our environment
What constitutes information processing? (HINT: 3)
- encoding
- storage
- retrieval
Automatization is…
the degree to which an activity needs attention
The three-system approach:
- information
- sensory memory
- short term memory
- long-term memory
Sensory memory:
-thought to be infinite
-duration is brief, like 1 sec.
Working memory
-limited
-holds 7 chunks of info
-duration is longer (10-20 seconds)
-sensitive to distraction
Long-term memory
-storage
-theoretically infinite
-theoretically lasts longer
-retrieved in the future
What are two types of dual processing theories?
type 1:
-unconscious, less effort to process
type2:
-conscious, takes energy and time to process
-sequential processing
Attention-getting
-literally gets your attention
-bottom up processing (aka stimuli shapes our perception)
Attention-holding
-literally stimuli that holds your attention
-top-down processing (aka background knowledge and expectations are used to interpret what we see)
Inattentional blindness
-limited consciousness
-multitasking does not allow us to pay attention to everything
Ventral and Dorsal tract is responsible for what?
-the ventral tract is responsible for processing objects
-the dorsal tract is responsible for processing space and tell where objects are in space
Prospective memory is
-also known as planning memory
-what we use to control and organize info
-fe: planning an action for the future
Infantile amnesia is
not recalling information or events before 3 years old
Can our memories be accurately retrieved?
-Not necessarily b/c we might not remember them in the same way they happened, or we can think that something happened when it did not.
Why is getting sufficient sleep after learning a new skill important?
-speed and accuracy of memory improves during NREM sleep
Explicit memory
-is conscious
-processed in the hippocampus and frontal lobes
Episodic memory
-is memory that involves sensory experience of an event
Autobiographical memory
-is memory about ones own life
-inaccurate before age 3
-preschoolers memory may not always be accurate
-adults may also not have accurate memory about their life
Semantic memory
-has to do with facts and abstract info
Implicit memory
-is unconscious
-processing in the cerebellum and basal ganglia
-Space/time
-motor/cognitive skills
-classical conditioning
Operating efficiency hypothesis
processing speed and efficiency increases with age
Metamemory
-understanding the processes underlying memory
-improves during middle childhood
Keyword strategy
-pairing similar sounding words to recall them better
Scripts
-memory representations of a series of events
Mneumonics
-strategies for organizing material in ways that can helps us remember
Code-Based approach
-reading and letters/sounds are combined to make words
Whole-language approach
-learn to read through exposure and complete writing
Memory reconsolidation
-memories and associated stimuli may be altered after being retrieved
Misinformation effect
-information you learned after an event interferes with previous memory of what happened
False memory
-distorted recollection of information or events
-thinks that never happened
Critical thinking
thinking that makes us use cognitive skills and strategies increasing the ability to solve problems and make appropriate decisions
A reading educator is in favor of teaching reading by presenting the basic skills that underlie reading. Which instructional strategy is this teacher a proponent of?
Code-based approach
Children’s memories are often organized in general representations of a sequence or series of events in the order in which they occur. What is this organizing tactic called?
scripts
Larry was daydreaming the day his first grade teacher presented the math lesson that 5 + 5 = 10. Later, Larry was not able to recall this information, most likely because of which disruption?
encoding
Which part of the cognitive architecture refers to the initial, momentary storage of information that lasts only an instant?
sensory memory
Statistically, which person’s memory is considered to be the most vulnerable to suggestion, and therefore perhaps the least reliable?
pre-school aged children
Infantile amnesia is defined as the lack of memory for experience that occurred prior to what age?
before 3 years
central executive memory
the prefrontal cortex area that controls short term memory, processes material, attention, and helps suggest strategies.
rehearsal
the repetition of information that enters short term memory
memory span
the capacity of memory
retrieval cues
the process of locating information that you’ve stored in your memory–using stimuli to recall info.
Declarative memory
remembering about things, factual memory (names, dates, facts)
Procedural memory
remembering how to do things, skills memory (habits)
Comparing Information
Processing Approaches
to Alternative Theories
of Cognitive
Development:
information processing approaches are quantitative in nature,
rather than qualitative like Piaget’s suggested
When do we forget?
forgetting can occur at any stage
