Chapter 6: Cellular Respiration and Fermentation Flashcards
How are cellular respiration and photosynthesis connected?
Photosynthesis creates glucose which is used in cellular respiration to create ATP.
Redox Reaction/Oxidation Reduction Reaction
The movement of electrons from one molecule to another.
Oxidation (LEO)
The loss of electrons from one substance.
Reduction (GER)
The addition of electrons to another substance.
What is cellular respiration?
An exergonic process that transfers energy from the bonds in glucose to form ATP.
calorie
the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree celsius.
Energy is…
Gradually released in small amounts.
Captured by a biological system.
Stored in ATP
What are the three stages of cellular respiration?
Glycolysis
Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle)
Oxidative Phosphorylation.
Where does glycolysis occur?
The cytoplasm.
Where does Citric Acid Cycle and Oxidative Phosphorylation occur?
The mitochondria
Glycolysis
Oxidizes glucose to pyruvate
*2 Net ATP
*NAD+→ 2 NADH
*2 Pyruvate
What do NADH and FADH assist with?
They are enzymes that assist with the transport of electrons.
Intermediates
THE COMPOUNDS THAT FORM BETWEEN THE INITIAL REACTANT, glucose, AND THE FINAL PRODUCT, pyruvate.
How is ATP formed?
By substrate-level phosphorylation.
An enzyme transfers a phosphate group from a substrate molecule to ADP and ATP is then formed.
Where is the pyruvate transported after glycolysis?
Transported to the mitochondria where the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation will occur.
Krebs Cycle
Completes the breakdown of pyruvate to CO2.
*2 ATP
*6 NADH
*2 FADH2
*Oxaloacetate is the starting component and the end product.
*2 cycles
*releases O2
Anaerobic
no oxygen is required.
Aerobic
Oxygen is required
Oxidative Phosphorylation
Occurs in the innermembrane of mitochondria.
*NADH and FADH2 release hydrogen electrons.
*These electrons are transported to protein complexes.
*Electrons generate a proton gradient, and protons are pumped across the intermembrane.
*Hydrogen protons pass through ATP Synthase.
* Hydrogen protons give energy to ATP synthase which then allows it to add a phosphate group to ADP to create ATP. (chemiosmosis)
*Electrons are still moving through ETC till they get captured by oxygen which creates metabolic water
*OXYGEN IS THE FINAL ACCEPTOR
Which stage produces the most amount of ATP?
Oxidative Phosphorylation
Chemiosmosis
Any process in which energy stored in a proton gradient is used to do work.
How many molecules of ATP are yielded in glycolysis?
2 NET ATP
How many molecules of ATP are yielded in Krebs Cycle?
2 NET ATP
How many molecules of ATP are yielded in Oxidative Phosphorylation?
28 ATP
What is the total yield?
32 ATP.
What are the electron carriers?
NAD and FAD.
Both take electrons from carbon molecules in Stages 1 and 2 and are taken to stage 3.
Aerobic Respiration
Consumes organic molecules and O2 and yields ATP.
Fermentation
The partial degradation of sugars that occurs without O2.
*Recycles NAD+
*Keeps glycolysis going!!
*Anaerobic
*2 ATP
Aerobic
Requires oxygen
Anaerobic
Does not require oxygen
Fermentation enables cells to produce ATP without…?
Oxygen.
What are the two common types of fermentation?
Lactic Acid Fermentation and Alcohol Fermentation.
Lactic Acid Fermentation
NADH IS OXIDIZED TO NAD+, PYRUVATE IS REDUCED TO LACTATE.
Glycolysis →2 pyruvate will yield 2 lactate → 2 pyruvate becomes electron acceptor allowing NADH to be oxidized to NAD+ so glycolysis can start again!!
Alcohol Fermentation
OXIDIZES NADH BACK TO NAD+ AND CONVERTS CO2 TO ETHANOL.
Glycolysis→ 2 pyruvate is oxidized releasing O2 and creating 2 ethanol →Acetaldehyde an electron carrier acts as an electron acceptor →Acetaldehyde picks up 2 NADH and oxidizes it to NAD+ so glycolysis can start again!
How can cellular respiration regulated?
Feedback Inhibition.
Will shut down the process.
Cellular Respiration Equation
C6H12O6+ (6)O2→(6)CO2 + (6)H2O
Is cellular respiration an Aerobic and Anaerobic metabolic process?
Aerobic Process
Is Fermentation an Aerobic and Anaerobic process?
Anaerobic process
What happens to pyruvate prior to the Krebs Cycle?
Pyruvate is oxidized to Acetyl CoA
