Chapter 6: Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Question 1

How are cellular respiration and photosynthesis connected?

Answer 1

Photosynthesis creates glucose which is used in cellular respiration to create ATP.

Question 2

Redox Reaction/Oxidation Reduction Reaction

Answer 2

The movement of electrons from one molecule to another.

Question 3

Oxidation (LEO)

Answer 3

The loss of electrons from one substance.

Question 4

Reduction (GER)

Answer 4

The addition of electrons to another substance.

Question 5

What is cellular respiration?

Answer 5

An exergonic process that transfers energy from the bonds in glucose to form ATP.

Question 6

calorie

Answer 6

the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree celsius.

Question 7

Energy is…

Answer 7

Gradually released in small amounts.
Captured by a biological system.
Stored in ATP

Question 8

What are the three stages of cellular respiration?

Answer 8

Glycolysis
Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle)
Oxidative Phosphorylation.

Question 9

Where does glycolysis occur?

Answer 9

The cytoplasm.

Question 10

Where does Citric Acid Cycle and Oxidative Phosphorylation occur?

Answer 10

The mitochondria

Question 11

Glycolysis

Answer 11

Oxidizes glucose to pyruvate
*2 Net ATP
*NAD+→ 2 NADH
*2 Pyruvate

Question 12

What do NADH and FADH assist with?

Answer 12

They are enzymes that assist with the transport of electrons.

Question 13

Intermediates

Answer 13

THE COMPOUNDS THAT FORM BETWEEN THE INITIAL REACTANT, glucose, AND THE FINAL PRODUCT, pyruvate.

Question 14

How is ATP formed?

Answer 14

By substrate-level phosphorylation.
An enzyme transfers a phosphate group from a substrate molecule to ADP and ATP is then formed.

Question 15

Where is the pyruvate transported after glycolysis?

Answer 15

Transported to the mitochondria where the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation will occur.

Question 16

Krebs Cycle

Answer 16

Completes the breakdown of pyruvate to CO2.
*2 ATP
*6 NADH
*2 FADH2
*Oxaloacetate is the starting component and the end product.
*2 cycles
*releases O2

Question 17

Anaerobic

Answer 17

no oxygen is required.

Question 18

Aerobic

Answer 18

Oxygen is required

Question 19

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Answer 19

Occurs in the innermembrane of mitochondria.
*NADH and FADH2 release hydrogen electrons.
*These electrons are transported to protein complexes.
*Electrons generate a proton gradient, and protons are pumped across the intermembrane.
*Hydrogen protons pass through ATP Synthase.
* Hydrogen protons give energy to ATP synthase which then allows it to add a phosphate group to ADP to create ATP. (chemiosmosis)
*Electrons are still moving through ETC till they get captured by oxygen which creates metabolic water
*OXYGEN IS THE FINAL ACCEPTOR

Question 20

Which stage produces the most amount of ATP?

Answer 20

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Question 21

Chemiosmosis

Answer 21

Any process in which energy stored in a proton gradient is used to do work.

Question 22

How many molecules of ATP are yielded in glycolysis?

Answer 22

2 NET ATP

Question 23

How many molecules of ATP are yielded in Krebs Cycle?

Answer 23

2 NET ATP

Question 24

How many molecules of ATP are yielded in Oxidative Phosphorylation?

Answer 24

28 ATP

Question 25

What is the total yield?

Answer 25

32 ATP.

Question 26

What are the electron carriers?

Answer 26

NAD and FAD.
Both take electrons from carbon molecules in Stages 1 and 2 and are taken to stage 3.

Question 27

Aerobic Respiration

Answer 27

Consumes organic molecules and O2 and yields ATP.

Question 28

Fermentation

Answer 28

The partial degradation of sugars that occurs without O2.
*Recycles NAD+
*Keeps glycolysis going!!
*Anaerobic
*2 ATP

Question 29

Aerobic

Answer 29

Requires oxygen

Question 30

Anaerobic

Answer 30

Does not require oxygen

Question 31

Fermentation enables cells to produce ATP without…?

Answer 31

Oxygen.

Question 32

What are the two common types of fermentation?

Answer 32

Lactic Acid Fermentation and Alcohol Fermentation.

Question 33

Lactic Acid Fermentation

Answer 33

NADH IS OXIDIZED TO NAD+, PYRUVATE IS REDUCED TO LACTATE.
Glycolysis →2 pyruvate will yield 2 lactate → 2 pyruvate becomes electron acceptor allowing NADH to be oxidized to NAD+ so glycolysis can start again!!

Question 34

Alcohol Fermentation

Answer 34

OXIDIZES NADH BACK TO NAD+ AND CONVERTS CO2 TO ETHANOL.
Glycolysis→ 2 pyruvate is oxidized releasing O2 and creating 2 ethanol →Acetaldehyde an electron carrier acts as an electron acceptor →Acetaldehyde picks up 2 NADH and oxidizes it to NAD+ so glycolysis can start again!

Question 35

How can cellular respiration regulated?

Answer 35

Feedback Inhibition.
Will shut down the process.

Question 36

Cellular Respiration Equation

Answer 36

C6H12O6+ (6)O2→(6)CO2 + (6)H2O

Question 37

Is cellular respiration an Aerobic and Anaerobic metabolic process?

Answer 37

Aerobic Process

Question 38

Is Fermentation an Aerobic and Anaerobic process?

Answer 38

Anaerobic process

Question 39

What happens to pyruvate prior to the Krebs Cycle?

Answer 39

Pyruvate is oxidized to Acetyl CoA