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Biology-149 > Bio Final Review Part 2 > Flashcards

Bio Final Review Part 2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Prokaryotes

A

All are single-celled
No nucleus
No organelles

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2
Q

Cell Theory

A

All organisms are composed of one or more cells.
The cell is the smallest, most basic unit of structure and organization in all organisms.
All cells arise from pre-existing, living cells (sperm and eggs)

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3
Q

Eukaryotes

A

Single-celled protist and multicellular organism
Nucleus is present
Organelles are present

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4
Q

What are the five basic structures of all cells?

A

Plasma membrane
Cytosol
Nucleus or nuclear area
Ribosomes

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5
Q

Plasma membrane

A

Controls what goes in and out of the cells.
Phospholipids- form a two-layer sheet.
Cholesterol- stiffen the plasma membrane and maintain fluidity
Proteins-help perform chemical reactions.

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6
Q

Glycocalyx

A

used for cell recognition

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7
Q

Nucleus

A

The cellular control center
Contains the genetic information of the cell.

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8
Q

Ribosomes

A

Synthesizes proteins using mRNA
composed of a large subunit and a small subunit.

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9
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Synthesizes lipids.
No ribosomes
Stores calcium and detox

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10
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Contains ribosomes
helps FOLD proteins
Releases proteins,

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11
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Finishes, sorts, and ships cell products in the cytoplasm.
products will turn into vesicles to be used by the cell or shipped OUT of the cell.

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12
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Breaks down lipids and free radicals.
Detox Alcohol

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13
Q

Mitochondria

A

Harvest energy from food
Carries out cellular respiration

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14
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Maintenance of the cell-type anchorage.
Movement
Amoeboid Movement
Muscle contraction

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15
Q

Microfilament

A

made up of actin subunit

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16
Q

Intermediate filament

A

Fibrous subunits

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17
Q

Microtubules

A

tubulin subunits

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18
Q

Cilia

A

Short
numerous
wave like motion

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19
Q

Flagella

A

long
longer
can only move forward.

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20
Q

Tight junction

A

Prevents leakage of extracellular fluid
Creates impermeable barriers

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21
Q

Anchoring Junction

A

Fastens cells together into sheets.
Movement and flexibility
Mechanically attaches to adjacent cells

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22
Q

Gap Junction

A

Channels that allow molecules to flow between cells.
Allows for COMMUNICATION

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23
Q

What organelles does a plant cell have that an animal does not have?

A

Central Vacuole
Chloroplast
Cell Wall
Plasmodesmata

24
Q

Lysosomes

A

Sac of enzymes that digest within the cell.
Recycle or destroy damages organelles.
Hydrolytic Enzymes

25
Q

Central Vacuole

A

Stores water, solutes, and waste.
Growth and rigidity
Maintenance

26
Q

Chloroplast

A

Conduct photosynthesis.
Convert solar energy to chemical energy in sugars.

27
Q

Cell Wall

A

Made of cellulose
Structural support and protection
Filtering mechanism

28
Q

Plasmodesmata

A

Allows for the exchange of solutes and cell communication

29
Q

Diffusion

A

molecules go from high concentration to low concentration

30
Q

Osmosis

A

Water moving through a semipermeable membrane.
Low solute to high solute concentration

31
Q

What are the six membrane proteins?

A

Transport
Enzyme
Attachment
Receptor
Junction
Glycoproteins

32
Q

Adhesion

A

Water molecules stick to polar surfaces

33
Q

Cohesion

A

Water molecules attracted to other water molecules
Creates surface tension

34
Q

Tonicity

A

ability of a solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water.

35
Q

Isotonic

A

solute concentration is the same as that inside the cell; no net water movement across the plasma membrane

36
Q

Hypertonic

A

Solute concentration is greater than that inside the cell. Cell loses water.

37
Q

Hypotonic

A

solute concentration is less than that inside the cell. Cell will gain water.

38
Q

Transport Protein

A

allows specific ions or molecules do enter or exit the cell.

39
Q

Channel protein (transport)

A

Allows everything to go in and out

40
Q

Carrier Protein (transport)

A

active transport, ATP is used, changes the shape of the protein.

41
Q

Enzyme

A

May be grouped (work together or alone)
Starts, stops, slows or speeds up reactions.

42
Q

Attachement

A

Coordinates internal and external changes

43
Q

Receptor Protein

A

Signaling molecules will bind to proteins and relay a message by activating the other molecules inside the cell.
COMMUNICATION

44
Q

Junction Protein

A

Form intercellular junction attach adjacent cells.

45
Q

Glycoproteins

A

Serve as ID tags

46
Q

what affects the rate of diffusion?

A

temperature
molecular size
concentration
pressure

47
Q

Selective permeable

A

water can move freely through membrane, but membrane will regulate the passage of solutes.

48
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A

does NOT require transport proteins.
No energy, relies on concentration gradient

49
Q

Passive Transport

A

A solute moves freely through a membrane transport protein.

50
Q

Endocytosis

A

used to import substances useful to the livelihood of the cell

51
Q

Exocytosis

A

used to export bulky molecules.

52
Q

Phagocytosis

A

“cell eating” large items are brought into cells in a vacuole

53
Q

Pinocytosis

A

“cell drinking” fluid is brought into the cell vesicles.

54
Q

Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis

A

Specific molecules bind to receptors and then enter the cell in vesicles.

55
Q

Fluid Mosaic Model

A

Phospholipids in the plasma membrane can move within the bilayer.
Cholesterol helps stiffen the plasma membrane at high temps. Helps to maintain fluidity at low temps.

Biology-149 (16 decks)

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