Bio Final Review Part 2 Flashcards
Prokaryotes
All are single-celled
No nucleus
No organelles
Cell Theory
All organisms are composed of one or more cells.
The cell is the smallest, most basic unit of structure and organization in all organisms.
All cells arise from pre-existing, living cells (sperm and eggs)
Eukaryotes
Single-celled protist and multicellular organism
Nucleus is present
Organelles are present
What are the five basic structures of all cells?
Plasma membrane
Cytosol
Nucleus or nuclear area
Ribosomes
Plasma membrane
Controls what goes in and out of the cells.
Phospholipids- form a two-layer sheet.
Cholesterol- stiffen the plasma membrane and maintain fluidity
Proteins-help perform chemical reactions.
Glycocalyx
used for cell recognition
Nucleus
The cellular control center
Contains the genetic information of the cell.
Ribosomes
Synthesizes proteins using mRNA
composed of a large subunit and a small subunit.
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Synthesizes lipids.
No ribosomes
Stores calcium and detox
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Contains ribosomes
helps FOLD proteins
Releases proteins,
Golgi Apparatus
Finishes, sorts, and ships cell products in the cytoplasm.
products will turn into vesicles to be used by the cell or shipped OUT of the cell.
Peroxisomes
Breaks down lipids and free radicals.
Detox Alcohol
Mitochondria
Harvest energy from food
Carries out cellular respiration
Cytoskeleton
Maintenance of the cell-type anchorage.
Movement
Amoeboid Movement
Muscle contraction
Microfilament
made up of actin subunit
Intermediate filament
Fibrous subunits
Microtubules
tubulin subunits
Cilia
Short
numerous
wave like motion
Flagella
long
longer
can only move forward.
Tight junction
Prevents leakage of extracellular fluid
Creates impermeable barriers
Anchoring Junction
Fastens cells together into sheets.
Movement and flexibility
Mechanically attaches to adjacent cells
Gap Junction
Channels that allow molecules to flow between cells.
Allows for COMMUNICATION
What organelles does a plant cell have that an animal does not have?
Central Vacuole
Chloroplast
Cell Wall
Plasmodesmata
Lysosomes
Sac of enzymes that digest within the cell.
Recycle or destroy damages organelles.
Hydrolytic Enzymes
Central Vacuole
Stores water, solutes, and waste.
Growth and rigidity
Maintenance
Chloroplast
Conduct photosynthesis.
Convert solar energy to chemical energy in sugars.
Cell Wall
Made of cellulose
Structural support and protection
Filtering mechanism
Plasmodesmata
Allows for the exchange of solutes and cell communication
Diffusion
molecules go from high concentration to low concentration
Osmosis
Water moving through a semipermeable membrane.
Low solute to high solute concentration
What are the six membrane proteins?
Transport
Enzyme
Attachment
Receptor
Junction
Glycoproteins
Adhesion
Water molecules stick to polar surfaces
Cohesion
Water molecules attracted to other water molecules
Creates surface tension
Tonicity
ability of a solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water.
Isotonic
solute concentration is the same as that inside the cell; no net water movement across the plasma membrane
Hypertonic
Solute concentration is greater than that inside the cell. Cell loses water.
Hypotonic
solute concentration is less than that inside the cell. Cell will gain water.
Transport Protein
allows specific ions or molecules do enter or exit the cell.
Channel protein (transport)
Allows everything to go in and out
Carrier Protein (transport)
active transport, ATP is used, changes the shape of the protein.
Enzyme
May be grouped (work together or alone)
Starts, stops, slows or speeds up reactions.
Attachement
Coordinates internal and external changes
Receptor Protein
Signaling molecules will bind to proteins and relay a message by activating the other molecules inside the cell.
COMMUNICATION
Junction Protein
Form intercellular junction attach adjacent cells.
Glycoproteins
Serve as ID tags
what affects the rate of diffusion?
temperature
molecular size
concentration
pressure
Selective permeable
water can move freely through membrane, but membrane will regulate the passage of solutes.
Facilitated Diffusion
does NOT require transport proteins.
No energy, relies on concentration gradient
Passive Transport
A solute moves freely through a membrane transport protein.
Endocytosis
used to import substances useful to the livelihood of the cell
Exocytosis
used to export bulky molecules.
Phagocytosis
“cell eating” large items are brought into cells in a vacuole
Pinocytosis
“cell drinking” fluid is brought into the cell vesicles.
Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis
Specific molecules bind to receptors and then enter the cell in vesicles.
Fluid Mosaic Model
Phospholipids in the plasma membrane can move within the bilayer.
Cholesterol helps stiffen the plasma membrane at high temps. Helps to maintain fluidity at low temps.
