Chapter 12: DNA Technology

Question 1

What is Genetic Engineering?

Answer 1

The direct manipulation of genes for practical purposes

such as curing diseases.

Question 2

What is Biotechnology?

Answer 2

The manipulation of organisms of their genetic components to make useful products.G

Question 3

Gene Cloning

Answer 3

The process of making multiple copies of a particular gene.

Question 4

Genomics

Answer 4

The molecular analysis of the entire genome of a species. (analyze the whole DNA strand)

Question 5

Why clone a gene?

Answer 5

To make large amounts of specific genes DNA
*To study DNA directly and to use DNA as a tool.
To make a large amount of the gene product
* to study the structure and function of a protein.
* to produce a protein drug for medical use.

Question 6

Vector DNA

Answer 6

A carrier for the DNA segment to be cloned.

Question 7

What are the two common vectors?

Answer 7

Plasmids and Viral Vectors

Question 8

Plasmids

Answer 8

A small circular piece of DNA that is found naturally in many strains of bacteria.

Question 9

Viral Vectors

Answer 9

Derived from viruses that infect living cells and propagate themselves using the host cell’s machinery.

Question 10

Restriction Enzymes

Answer 10

Cut the DNA at specific sequences

They are made by bacteria as a defense mechanism

Question 11

Restriction Fragments

Answer 11

Staggered cuts at the single-stranded ends called “stinky ends”

Question 12

Genomic Library

Answer 12

A collection of all the cloned DNA fragments from a target genome.

Question 13

Vector

Answer 13

A vehicle that can copy and move “genes of interest”

Question 14

Complementary DNA (cDNA)

Answer 14

A library made by cloning DNA made into vitro by reverse transcription of all the mRNA produced by a particular cell.

cDNA is created from mRNA using reverse transcription.

Question 15

Nucleic Acids Probes

Answer 15

Bind very selectively to cloned DNA.
They identify clones carrying specific genes.

This will speed up the process!
They are labeled with radioactive isotopes or fluorescent tags for detection.

Question 16

Reverse Transcriptase

Answer 16

uses a processed mRNA transcript and uses base-pairing rules to make DNA segments from it.

Question 17

DNA polymerase

Answer 17

Uses the DNA segment to make the other strand following the base-pairing rules. Resulting in cDNA

Question 18

Bacteria are often the best organisms for manufacturing a protein product because bacteria,

Answer 18

Have plasma and phages available for use as gene-cloning vectors.
Can be grown rapidly and cheaply
Can be engineered to produce large amounts of particular protein.
Often secrete the proteins directly into their growth medium.

Question 19

Genetically Modified (GM)

Answer 19

Organisms contain one or more genes introduced by artificial means.
Same organism/species are used.

Question 20

Transgenic Organisms

Answer 20

Contain at least one gene from another species.
Different organisms/species are used.

Question 21

Gene Therapy

Answer 21

Aims to treat disease by supplying a functional allele.

Gene therapy is an alteration of an afflicted individual’s genes and an attempt to treat disease.

Question 22

DNA profiling

Answer 22

*The analysis of DNA fragments to determine whether they come from the same individual.

Compares genetic markers from noncoding regions that show variations between individuals and involves amplifying (copying) markers for analysis.

Question 23

What is DNA profiling used?

Answer 23

DNA fingerprinting (to identify someone)
Paternity
Disease Diagnosing

Question 24

Polymerase Chair Reaction (PCR)

Answer 24

A method of amplifying a specific segment of DNA molecule.
copies DNA.
3 step process.

Question 25

What are four important thins needed for PCR?

Answer 25

Target DNA
DNA primer
DNA polymerase
4 nucleotides.

Question 26

Short Tandem Repeats (STR’s)

Answer 26

Short nucleotide sequences that are repeated in tandem (in conjunction with each other)

Question 27

STR Analysis

Answer 27

Compares the lengths of STR sequences at specific sites in the genome and typically analyzes 13 different STR sites.

Question 28

CRISPR-Cas9 System

Answer 28

Technique for gene EDITING in living cells and organisms

Question 29

Cas9

Answer 29

Nuclease Enzyme
Acts with a “guide RNA”
Bind to the DNA and cut it to be inactivated.