Chapter 10: DNA Part 1

Question 1

What does DNA stand for?

Answer 1

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

Question 2

What kind of bond are in DNA?

Answer 2

Covalent bond

Question 3

What is DNA composed of?

Answer 3

Phosphate Group
Deoxyribose
Nitrogenous Base

Question 4

What are the four bases in DNA?

Answer 4

Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine
Thymine

Question 5

The number of bases are…

Answer 5

Equal

Question 6

Bacterial Transformation

Answer 6

Bacteria can take up the plasmid, which causes the genetic code to be changed.

Question 7

Plasmid

Answer 7

Circular DNA

Question 8

Phage

Answer 8

Virus

Question 9

How do viruses reproduce?

Answer 9

1. Virus attach to the host cell, binding to receptor that allows access to the cell.
2. Virus injects either DNA or RNA into the cell.
3. Cell take genetic material from virus and begins following instructions. The cell then begins using its resources to reproduce the virus
4. The cell lyses and releases new phages, allowing these viruses that were reproduce in the cell to infect others cells when it bursts.

Question 10

What are nucleotides composed of?

Answer 10

Phosphate groups
Nitrogenous base
5-carbon sugar

Question 11

Which nitrogenous bases pair with each other?

Answer 11

Thymine (T) and Adenine (A)
Cytosine (C)and Guanine (G)

Question 12

Pyrimidines

Answer 12

Single Ring
Thymine (T) and Cytosine (C)

Question 13

Purines

Answer 13

Double Ring
Adenine (A) and Guanine (G)

Question 14

Adenine and Thymine create a

Answer 14

Double hydrogen bond

Question 15

Guanine and cytosine create a

Answer 15

Triple hydrogen bond

Question 16

Complimentary base pairing

Answer 16

Percentage of Adenine equals the percentage of thymine
And
Percentage of cytosine equals the percentage of guanine

Question 17

DNA replication is

Answer 17

Semiconservative

Question 18

DNA Replication

Answer 18

parental molecule unwinds and serve as templates. Then two identical daughter molecules of DNA are formed.

Question 19

Where does replication begin?

Answer 19

Origin of replication

Question 20

In origin of replication

Answer 20

DNA unwinds AND produces a “bubble”

Replication proceeds in both directions of the origin.

Question 21

Origin of replication

Answer 21

The specific site of replication

Question 22

Replication bubble

Answer 22

The open and unwounded area where DNA replication occurs

Question 23

Replication Fork

Answer 23

End of a replication bubble. “Y” shaped region where new DNA strands of DNA are elongating.

Question 24

Leading strand

Answer 24

CONTINUOUS complementary DNA strand elongating in the 5’ to 3’ direction.

Continuous adding of nucleotides as the replication form progresses.

Only one primer

Question 25

Lagging strand

Answer 25

DNA strand elongating in the 3’ to 5’ direction by adding short segments (Okazaki fragments) adding of nucleotides AWAY FROM THE REPLICATION FORK. More than one primer!

Question 26

Antiparallel elongation

Answer 26

DNA strands are oriented in opposite directions of each other. Affects replication. DNA polymerase will only add nucleotides to the 3’ end of a growing strand. A new DNA strand can elongate only in the 5’ to 3’ direction.

Question 28

Helicase

Answer 28

Breaks hydrogen bonds and separates the DNA strands creating two template strands and a replication fork.

Question 29

Topoisomerase

Answer 29

Removes helical twist (UNWINDS DNA) by cutting a DNA and releasing the cut.

Question 30

Single Stranded Binding Proteins (SSBs)

Answer 30

Stabilize strands and prevent annealing (reconnection of DNA strands)

Question 31

Primase

Answer 31

Makes RNA PRIMER Helps DNA polymerase figure out where to start work.

Question 32

Ligase

Answer 32

Joins the sugar-phosphate backbone of Okazaki Fragments to create single DNA strand.

Question 33

DNA polymerase

Answer 33

Add nucleotides, makes covalent bonds. Involved in repairing damaged DNA . (Proof reads DNA) Replicates DNA to build new strands.

Question 34

Step by step DNA replication

Answer 34

1. Topoisomerase unwinds DNA 2. Helicase breaks hydrogen bonds to create two template strands 3. SSBs prevent annealing and stabilizes the strands 4. Primase will create primer which will allow DNA polymerase to bind and start replication. 5. DNA polymerase (III) binds to primers and add complementary bases. Lagging strand will stop once it reaches the old primer. 6. DNA polymerase (I) arrives and removes old primer (RNA nucleotides) with the DNA version. 7. Ligase joins the Okazaki fragments.

Question 35

How do chromosomes form?

Answer 35

DNA is a readable form. DNA wraps on histones and continuous to wrap wrap wrap into bundles. Eventually forming into chromatin and then chromosomes.

Question 36

Chromatin

Answer 36

Bundles of DNA and proteins (histones) are UNORGANIZED

Question 37

Chromosomes

Answer 37

Bundles of DNA and proteins but ORGANIZED