Bio Final Review Part 3

Question 1

First Law of Thermodynamics

Answer 1

Energy in the universe is constant and can be changed from one form to another.
Energy cannot be created nor destroyed.

Question 2

Second Law of Thermodynamics

Answer 2

Energy cannot be changed from one form to another without loss of usable energy.

Question 3

Endergonic Reactions

Answer 3

Absorbs free energy from its surroundings.
Free energy increases
High capacity to change
Stable
Stores Energy
Non-Spontaneous
Anabolism

Question 4

Exergonic Reactions

Answer 4

Proceeds with a net release of free energy
Free energy decreases
Low capacity to change
Unstable
Releases energy
Spontaneous
Catabolism

Question 5

Entropy

Answer 5

The measure of disorder, or randomness.

Question 6

Metabolic Pathway

Answer 6

Series of chemical reactions

Question 7

Catabolism

Answer 7

Breaks down a complex molecule into smaller compounds.

Question 8

Anabolism

Answer 8

Builds a complex compound.

Question 9

Substrate

Answer 9

Molecules that react with the enzymes.

Question 10

Active Site

Answer 10

The specific design of the enzyme for specific molecules.

Question 11

Enzyme-Substrate Complex

Answer 11

Enzyme and substrate are combined to create a reaction.

Question 12

With out an enzyme, a reaction will

Answer 12

take longer to occur

Question 13

What are some factors that could affect enzyme activity?

Answer 13

Temperature and pH

Question 14

Feedback Inhibition

Answer 14

The end product of a metabolic pathway shuts down the pathway,
End product can work to stop any activity.

Question 15

Allosteric Regulation of Enzyme

Answer 15

Inhibit or stimulate the activity of an enzyme.
A molecule binds to a protein at one site and affects the protein’s function at another site.
Maintains homeostasis

Question 16

Cofactors

Answer 16

inorganic nonprotein helpers

Question 17

Coenzyme

Answer 17

Organic molecules, such as most vitamins.

Question 18

Redox Reaction/Oxidation-Reduction Reaction

Answer 18

The movements of electrons from one molecule to another.

Question 19

Oxidation

Answer 19

The loss of electrons from one substance

Question 20

Reduction

Answer 20

The addition of electrons to another substance.

Question 21

Substrate-Level Phosphorylation

Answer 21

An enzyme transfers a phosphate group from a substrate molecule to ADP and ATP is formed.

Question 22

Glycolysis

Answer 22

Occurs in the cytoplasm.
Glucose is broken down (oxidized) and converted to pyruvate.
2 NET ATP
NAD+ —-> 2 NADH
2 pyruvate

Question 23

Krebs Cycle

Answer 23

Occurs in the mitochondria
Completes breakdown of pyruvate to CO2
2 ATP
6 NADH
2 FADH2
Releases Oxygen
Oxaloacetate is the starting and ending product.

Question 24

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Answer 24

Occurs in the mitochondria
NADH and FADH2 release hydrogen electrons. (NAD and FAD)
The electrons are transferred to protein complexes and electron carriers.
Electrons generate a proton gradient and protons are pumped across (through protein complexes).
Hydrogen protons will travel through an enzyme called ATP synthase.
Protons will give energy to the enzyme to power it and ass a phosphate group to ADP to create ATP.
Electrons will eventually get captured by oxygen and will create metabolic water.
28 ATP

Question 25

Chemiosmosis

Answer 25

Any processes in which energy stored in a proton gradient is used to do work.

Question 26

What are the electron carriers?

Answer 26

NAD and FAD

Question 27

Fermentation

Answer 27

The partial degradation of sugars that occurs without O2
Enables cells to produce ATP without O2

Question 28

Aerobic

Answer 28

Requires Oxygen

Question 29

Anaerobic

Answer 29

Does not require oxygen

Question 30

Lactic Fermentation

Answer 30

Glycolysis
2 pyruvate will yield 2 lactates.
2 pyruvate becomes a hydrogen electron acceptor allowing NADH to be oxidized to NAD+ so glycolysis begins again.

Question 31

Alcohol Fermentation

Answer 31

Glycolysis
2 pyruvate is oxidized releasing O2
Acetaldehyde an electron carrier acts as an electron acceptor, picking up hydrogen electrons and transforming it to 2 ethanol.
Acetaldehyde picks up the 2 NADH and oxidizes it to NAD+ so glycolysis can begin again.

Question 32

How is cellular respiration regulated?

Answer 32

Feedback inhibition

Question 33

Pyruvate oxidation (mini step)

Answer 33

CO2 is released
NADH
Acetyl CoA