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Biology-149 > Chapter 3: Chemical Basis of Life, Organic Molecules > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Chemical Basis of Life, Organic Molecules Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is organic chemistry?

A

The study of carbon compounds

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2
Q

Organic compounds contain..?

A

Carbon and hydrogen

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3
Q

Macromolecules (Biomolecule)

A

large complex organic molecules

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4
Q

What are hydrocarbons?

A

Organic molecules consist of carbon and hydrogen.

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5
Q

Are hydrocarbons polar or non polar?

A

Non-polar

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6
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Water breaks chemical bonds.

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7
Q

Polymer Formation by Dehydration Reactions

A

A water molecule is removed each time a new monomer is added.
The process repeats to form long polymers.

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8
Q

Dehydration is catalyzed by?

A

Enzymes.

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9
Q

Polymer Formation by dehydration reactions requires…

A

energy

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10
Q

Breakdown of a polymer by hydrolysis reactions

A

A molecule of water is added back each time a monomer is released.
The process repeats to break down long polymers,

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11
Q

Hydrolysis is catalyzed by?

A

Enzymes

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12
Q

Breakdown of a polymer by hydrolysis reactions releases….

A

Energy

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13
Q

Functional group

A

Functional groups give organic molecules unique properties.

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14
Q

Polymer

A

a long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks

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15
Q

Monomer

A

A small building block molecule

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16
Q

The Four most important organic biomolecules

A

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids

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17
Q

The building block for Carbohydrates is?

A

Monosaccharides.

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18
Q

Carbohydrates consists of what elements?

A

Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

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19
Q

The structural units of carbohydrates

A

Starch (plant storage units) Glycogen (forms of energy stored in muscles) Cellulose ( structure and protection)

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20
Q

Function of Carbohydrates

A

Source of quick energy, building material, and energy storage.

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21
Q

Are carbohydrates hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

A

Hydrophilic

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22
Q

Monosaccharides

A

Single unit sugars (monomers)
Simplest Carbohydrates.

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23
Q

What are glucose and fructose and what makes them different?

A

They are isomers and a functional group makes them different.

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24
Q

Disaccharides

A

cells link single sugars

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25
Q

Polysaccharides

A

long chains of sugar units.
Linked by dehydration synthesis.

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26
Q

Glycogen

A

storage polysaccharides in animals.

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27
Q

Chitin

A

a structural polysaccharide that is found in the exoskeleton of arthropods. It also provides structural support for the cell walls of many fungi.

28
Q

The elements that make up lipids

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

29
Q

Building blocks of lips are

A

Fatty acids and glycerol

30
Q

Lipids are not true

A

Polymers

31
Q

Four types of lipids

A

Fats, steroids, phospholipids, and waxes.

32
Q

Fats are lipids that are mostly energy-stored molecules.

A

Important for long term energy and provide twice as much energy as a polysaccharide.

33
Q

Lipds are consideres not true…?

A

polymers, because they vary in great deal in structure and function.

34
Q

Triglyceride

A

consisting of three fatty acids.

35
Q

Denaturation

A

process in which a protein unravels and loses its native conformation, making the protein inactive.

35
Q

When building a fat molecule…

A

Dehydration process occurs and releases 3 water molecules.

35
Q

Phosphorylation

A

adding a phosphate group changes the function of a protein affecting cellular processes either by speeding up, slowing down, or inhibiting them.

35
Q

Unsaturated fats

A

Missing some hydrogens
contains double bonds
Low melting point.
Not close packed together.

35
Q

Saturated fats

A

Full of hydrogens
Single bonds
High melting point
Packed closed together

35
Q

Phospholipids

A

A major component of cell membranes.
They are amphipathic.
Most contain diglyceride (a phosphate group)

36
Q

Steroid

A

Hormones
NOT FATTY ACID CHAINS
Found in the cell membrane
Hydrophobic

37
Q

Cholesterol

A

An important steroid and is a component in animal cell membranes. Although essential, high levels may contribute to cardiovascular disease.

38
Q

Waxes

A

Waterproofing coatings.
Non soluble/repel water.
Honeycombs
Lack glycerol.

39
Q

Two types of waxes

A

Plant wax (mineral waxes) and Animal wax (beeswax)

40
Q

Building blocks for Proteins

A

amino acids
Which are joined by peptide bonds.

41
Q

Protein consists of what elements?

A

Carbon , hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen.

42
Q

What is the functional group for protiens?

A

The R group.

43
Q

Amino acids have…

A

An amino group and carboxyl group.

44
Q

20 common kinds of amino acids

A

Are both hydrophobic and hydrophilic

45
Q

The bonds between amino acids monomers (which link by dehydration synthesis) are called?

A

Peptide bonds.

46
Q

Proteins perform many functions

A

Structure
Enzymes
Transport
Defense
Hormones
Motion

47
Q

Proteins Structure

A

A functional protein consists of one or more polypeptides twisted, folded, and coiled into a unique shape.

48
Q

Protein Function

A

The shape of the protein determines its function.
A protein loses its specific function when the polypeptides unravel.

49
Q

Primary Structure of Protein

A

its structure is its amino acid sequence and the very beginning stage.

50
Q

Secondary Structure of Proteins

A

Polypeptide coiling or folding is produced by hydrogen bonding.
It is getting ready for hydrogen bonding.

51
Q

Tertiary Structure of Proteins

A

The overall shape of the polypeptide and certain proteins will start working at this time.

52
Q

Quaternary structure of Proteins

A

The relationship among multiple polypeptides of a protein. At this stage, all proteins are working.

53
Q

Sickle-cell disease

A

An inherited blood disorder, that results from a single amino acid substitution in the protein hemoglobin.

54
Q

What affects protein structure?

A

Physical and chemical conditions can affect structure.
Alterations in pH, salt concentration, temperature, and other environmental factors.

55
Q

Nucleic acids consist of what elements?

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorous.

56
Q

The building block for nucleic acids are…

A

Nucleotides.

57
Q

What if the function or nucleic acid?

A

Stores genetic information, transfers genetic information and conduct chemical reactions.

58
Q

Nucleotides are made up of

A

phosphate, 5-carbon sugar and a nitrogenous base.

59
Q

DNA

A

Consist of two polynucleotides twisted around each other in a double helix.

60
Q

DNA and RNA are two types of

A

nucleic acids

61
Q

what are four common characteristics of all organic molecules?

A

It exists in all living things, they are life’s building blocks.
All things are formed from these organic molecules.
Form/shape determines their function.

Biology-149 (16 decks)

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