Chapter 3: Chemical Basis of Life, Organic Molecules Flashcards
What is organic chemistry?
The study of carbon compounds
Organic compounds contain..?
Carbon and hydrogen
Macromolecules (Biomolecule)
large complex organic molecules
What are hydrocarbons?
Organic molecules consist of carbon and hydrogen.
Are hydrocarbons polar or non polar?
Non-polar
Hydrolysis
Water breaks chemical bonds.
Polymer Formation by Dehydration Reactions
A water molecule is removed each time a new monomer is added.
The process repeats to form long polymers.
Dehydration is catalyzed by?
Enzymes.
Polymer Formation by dehydration reactions requires…
energy
Breakdown of a polymer by hydrolysis reactions
A molecule of water is added back each time a monomer is released.
The process repeats to break down long polymers,
Hydrolysis is catalyzed by?
Enzymes
Breakdown of a polymer by hydrolysis reactions releases….
Energy
Functional group
Functional groups give organic molecules unique properties.
Polymer
a long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks
Monomer
A small building block molecule
The Four most important organic biomolecules
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
The building block for Carbohydrates is?
Monosaccharides.
Carbohydrates consists of what elements?
Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
The structural units of carbohydrates
Starch (plant storage units) Glycogen (forms of energy stored in muscles) Cellulose ( structure and protection)
Function of Carbohydrates
Source of quick energy, building material, and energy storage.
Are carbohydrates hydrophilic or hydrophobic?
Hydrophilic
Monosaccharides
Single unit sugars (monomers)
Simplest Carbohydrates.
What are glucose and fructose and what makes them different?
They are isomers and a functional group makes them different.
Disaccharides
cells link single sugars
Polysaccharides
long chains of sugar units.
Linked by dehydration synthesis.
Glycogen
storage polysaccharides in animals.
Chitin
a structural polysaccharide that is found in the exoskeleton of arthropods. It also provides structural support for the cell walls of many fungi.
The elements that make up lipids
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
Building blocks of lips are
Fatty acids and glycerol
Lipids are not true
Polymers
Four types of lipids
Fats, steroids, phospholipids, and waxes.
Fats are lipids that are mostly energy-stored molecules.
Important for long term energy and provide twice as much energy as a polysaccharide.
Lipds are consideres not true…?
polymers, because they vary in great deal in structure and function.
Triglyceride
consisting of three fatty acids.
Denaturation
process in which a protein unravels and loses its native conformation, making the protein inactive.
When building a fat molecule…
Dehydration process occurs and releases 3 water molecules.
Phosphorylation
adding a phosphate group changes the function of a protein affecting cellular processes either by speeding up, slowing down, or inhibiting them.
Unsaturated fats
Missing some hydrogens
contains double bonds
Low melting point.
Not close packed together.
Saturated fats
Full of hydrogens
Single bonds
High melting point
Packed closed together
Phospholipids
A major component of cell membranes.
They are amphipathic.
Most contain diglyceride (a phosphate group)
Steroid
Hormones
NOT FATTY ACID CHAINS
Found in the cell membrane
Hydrophobic
Cholesterol
An important steroid and is a component in animal cell membranes. Although essential, high levels may contribute to cardiovascular disease.
Waxes
Waterproofing coatings.
Non soluble/repel water.
Honeycombs
Lack glycerol.
Two types of waxes
Plant wax (mineral waxes) and Animal wax (beeswax)
Building blocks for Proteins
amino acids
Which are joined by peptide bonds.
Protein consists of what elements?
Carbon , hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen.
What is the functional group for protiens?
The R group.
Amino acids have…
An amino group and carboxyl group.
20 common kinds of amino acids
Are both hydrophobic and hydrophilic
The bonds between amino acids monomers (which link by dehydration synthesis) are called?
Peptide bonds.
Proteins perform many functions
Structure
Enzymes
Transport
Defense
Hormones
Motion
Proteins Structure
A functional protein consists of one or more polypeptides twisted, folded, and coiled into a unique shape.
Protein Function
The shape of the protein determines its function.
A protein loses its specific function when the polypeptides unravel.
Primary Structure of Protein
its structure is its amino acid sequence and the very beginning stage.
Secondary Structure of Proteins
Polypeptide coiling or folding is produced by hydrogen bonding.
It is getting ready for hydrogen bonding.
Tertiary Structure of Proteins
The overall shape of the polypeptide and certain proteins will start working at this time.
Quaternary structure of Proteins
The relationship among multiple polypeptides of a protein. At this stage, all proteins are working.
Sickle-cell disease
An inherited blood disorder, that results from a single amino acid substitution in the protein hemoglobin.
What affects protein structure?
Physical and chemical conditions can affect structure.
Alterations in pH, salt concentration, temperature, and other environmental factors.
Nucleic acids consist of what elements?
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorous.
The building block for nucleic acids are…
Nucleotides.
What if the function or nucleic acid?
Stores genetic information, transfers genetic information and conduct chemical reactions.
Nucleotides are made up of
phosphate, 5-carbon sugar and a nitrogenous base.
DNA
Consist of two polynucleotides twisted around each other in a double helix.
DNA and RNA are two types of
nucleic acids
what are four common characteristics of all organic molecules?
It exists in all living things, they are life’s building blocks.
All things are formed from these organic molecules.
Form/shape determines their function.
