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biology-149 > Chapter 4: A Tour of the Cell > Flashcards

Chapter 4: A Tour of the Cell Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

The Cell Theory

A
  1. All organisms are composed of one or more cells.
  2. The cell is the smallest, most basic unit of structure and organization in all organisms.
  3. All Cells arise from pre-existing, living cells. (offspring)
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2
Q

Cell Size Must…

A
  1. Be large enough to house DNA, proteins, and structures needed to survive and reproduce.
  2. Remain small enough to allow for a surface-to-volume ratio to allow adequate exchange with the environment.
  3. Increase surface area (more surface area makes the cell more efficient)
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3
Q

What are the five basic structures of the cell?

A
  1. Plasma Membrane
  2. Cytosol
  3. Nucleus or Nuclear Area/Body
  4. DNA
  5. Ribosomes
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4
Q

Cytosol

A

Semifluid substance (cytoplasm) is the fluid-filled space, the cell’s entire contents between the plasma membrane and the nucleus.

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5
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

Controls what substances enter and exit the cells.

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6
Q

Nucleus or Nuclear Area/Body

A

It contains DNA.

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7
Q

DNA

A

Chromosomes (carry genes)

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8
Q

Ribosomes

A

synthesizes proteins

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9
Q

What are the two types of cells?

A

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic

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10
Q

Prokaryotic cells are…

A

All single-celled
Have NO nucleus
NO organelles

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11
Q

Eukaryotic Cells are…

A

Single-cell protists and multicellular organisms.
Do have organelles
Have a nucleus present.

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12
Q

Eukaryotic cells are characterized by having…

A
  1. DNA in the nucleus that is bounded by a membranous nuclear envelope.
  2. Membrane-bound organelles (Organized and have double membranes)
  3. Cytoplasm in the region between the plasma and the nucleus.
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13
Q

The Endosymbiotic Model or Theory

A

The folding of membranes increases surface area, and cells engulf other cells but do not destroy them because they have food or small cells get protection.
The theory explains how eukaryote cells could have evolved from prokaryotic cells.

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14
Q

Three parts of the plasma membrane

A
  1. Phospholipids
  2. Cholesterol
  3. Proteins.
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15
Q

The head of the of the phospholipids are…

A

Hydrophilic (polar)

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16
Q

The legs of the phospholipids are…

A

Hydrophobic (nonpolar)

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17
Q

Phospholipids

A
  1. Form a two-layer sheet.
  2. Amphiphilic
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18
Q

Cholesterol (in the plasma membrane)

A
  1. Helps to stiffen the plasma at high temperatures.
  2. It helps maintain fluidity at low temperatures.
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19
Q

Proteins (in the plasma membrane)

A

They help perform specific reactions and allow molecules to enter the cell.

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20
Q

Glycocalyx (in the plasma membrane)

A

Used for cell recognition.

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21
Q

Nucleus

A
  1. The cellular control centers.
  2. Contains the genetic material information of the cell.
  3. DNA never leaves the cell.
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22
Q

Nuclear Envelope

A

Double membrane (almost like the plasma membrane but for the nucleus)

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23
Q

Nuclear Pore

A

Allow passage ONLY for rRNA, mRNA, and proteins.

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24
Q

Nucleolus

A

Darkest part of the nucleus. Synthesizes rRNA (which makes ribosomes)

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25
Q

Chromatin

A

Contains Chromosomes and is surrounded by nucleoplasm.

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26
Q

Ribosomes

A

Synthesizes PROTEINS using mRNA.

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27
Q

Ribosomes are composed of…

A

2 subunits.
Small and large subunits.

28
Q

Where are ribosomes located in the cell?

A

Can be free in the cytoplasm attached to the rough ER.

29
Q

Why are ribosomes not organelles?

A

Ribosomes are not organelles because it does not have a double membrane.

30
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

synthesizes LIPIDS.
Stores calcium and detoxes.
A large number of smooth ERs are in organs such as the liver and kidneys

31
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Contains RIBOSOMES
Helps FOLD proteins
Creates membrane

32
Q

Polypeptides

A

chain of amino acids (proteins)

33
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Finishes, sorts, and ships cell products in the cytoplasm. These products turn into vesicles, to be either used by the cell or expelled outside the cell.

34
Q

Vesicles

A

membrane-bound “balloons” that transport and store substances in the cells. (found in animal cells)

35
Q

Vacuole

A

A small membrane-bound cell organelle helps ISOLATES WASTE PRODUCTS. Stores waste and kicks our access water out.

36
Q

Lysosomes

A

Sac of enzymes that digests within the cell. Recycles or destroys damaged organelles.

37
Q

Lysosomes contain…

A

Hydrolytic digestive enzymes (low pH) that will break down stuff in the cell to be used.

38
Q

The various organelles of the endomembrane system are…

A

interconnected structurally and functionally.

39
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Breaks down lipids and free radicals.
Detox alcohol.
Oxidase produces hydrogen peroxide, which is broken down via catalase to water and oxygen.

40
Q

Mitochondria

A

Harvest energy from food.
CARRY OUT CELLULAR RESPIRATION

41
Q

Inner membrane (in the mitochondria)

A

contains proteins for ATP synthesis

42
Q

ATP

A

Adenosine Triphosphate

43
Q

Cristae (in the mitochondria)

A

folds.

44
Q

Matrix (in the mitochondria)

A

contain mitochondrial DNA, ribosomes, and enzymes. (that will help break down carbs/molecules)

45
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

The cell’s internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities.

46
Q

The cytoskeletons function

A
  1. Maintenance of cell-type anchorage.
  2. Movement.
  3. Amoeboid Movement
  4. Muscle Contraction
47
Q

Three types of cytoskeletons.

A

Microfilament
Intermediate Filament
Microtubles

48
Q

What is microfilament made up of?

A

Actin Subunit

48
Q

What is intermediate filament made up of?

A

Fibrous subunits.

49
Q

What is microtubules made up of?

A

Tubulin subunits.

50
Q

Cilia and flagella move when…

A

Microtubules bend

51
Q

Cilia

A

Short
Numerous
Wave like motion

52
Q

Flagella

A

Long
Typically, singular.
Can only move forward.

53
Q

The Extracellular Matrix of cells functions in….

A

support and regulation.

54
Q

Three types of cell junctions

A

Tight junction
Anchoring Junction
Gap Junction

55
Q

Tight junction

A

PREVENT LEAKAGE of extracellular fluid across a layer of epithelial cells.
Bring cells closer than adhesion junctions.
Create IMPERMEABLE BARRIER, bound together by specific proteins.

56
Q

Anchoring Junction

A

FASTEN CELLS TOGETHER INTO SHEETS.
(Adhesion) movements and FLEXIBILITY .
Mechanically attaches adjacent cells.

57
Q

Gap Junction

A

CELL COMMUNICATION.
Channels that allow molecules to flow between cells.
Allows tiny molecules to flow between cells.
Allows substances to flow from cell to cell through membrane channels.

58
Q

Anchoring Junction is most common in…

A

Skin, uterus, and stomach.

59
Q

Gap Junctions are most common in…

A

Cardiac muscles, embryonic cells, and liver cells,

60
Q

Desmosomes is also called

A

Anchoring junctions.

61
Q

Gap junctions is also called

A

Communicating junctions.

62
Q

Plant cells also have….

A

Central Vacuole
Chloroplast
Cell Wall
Plasmodesmata

63
Q

Central Vacuole

A

Stores water, solutes, and waste.
Important for growth and rigidity.
Function in the general maintenance of the cell.

64
Q

Chloroplast

A

CONDUCT PHOTOSYNTHESIS, where the green pigment chlorophyll captures the energy from sunlight.
Depending on the species some have only one and others have hundreds.
Convert energy to chemical energy with SUGARS.

65
Q

Cell Wall

A

Made of cellulose
Located outside the cell membrane.
Provides structural support and protection.
Sometimes acts as a filtering mechanism.

66
Q

Plasmodesmata

A

Allows for the exchange of solutes and cell communication.

biology-149 (16 decks)

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