Bio Final Review Flashcards
What are the characteristics of life?
*Composed of one or more cells.
*Autonomously reproduce themselves.
*Obtain energy from their environment.
*Sense their environment and respond to it.
*Maintain a constant internal environment.
*Growth and development.
*They can evolve as group
*Are living.
Hypothesis
an educated guess
Theory
Supported evidence
Natural Selection
Organisms better suited for the environment, they pass their traits.
Species
Organisms that interbreed and create fertile offspring.
Analogous
They have different structures but the same function.
No common ancestor
Homologous
Similar structures but different functions
Possible common ancestors
Vestigial
Structures have little to no function.
From an ancestor
What are the steps for the scientific method?
*Ask a question/Observe
*Do background research.
*Construct a hypothesis.
*Test with an experiment
*Draw conclusions/Analyze
*hypothesis is true or false.
*Report the result.
Structure of an atom
Made up of protons (positive) electrons(negative) , neutrons (neutral), and shells (orbitals)
Isotopes
Atoms with the same number of protons, but different numbers or neutrons.
Sometimes radioactive.
Used for carbon dating.
The more electrons and atom has….
the more power it has.
How many electrons can the first shell hold?
Only two electrons.
if there are more than 2 electrons, extra shells can hold up to 8.
Valance electrons
are used for chemical bonds.
Atoms share, gain, or lose electrons to fill the outer shell.
Ionic bond
Atoms TAKE electrons from one another.
Cation (positive charge)
Anion (negative charge)
Covalent Bond
A covalent bond forms when elements SHARE a pair of electrons.
Polar Covalent
Unequal sharing of electrons. Creating polarities.
Non-Polar Covalent Bonds
Equal sharing of electrons
No charge differences
Hydrophilic
Having an affinity to water.
Hydrophobic
lacking affinity to water.
Solution
Solutes in a solvent
Solutes
Dissolved substances (salt or sugar)
Solvent
a liquid (like water)
pH
Measure of the concentrations of hydrogen bonds.
Acid
pH = 0-7
high hydrogen concentration
Donates protons/hydrogen atoms.
Bases (alkaline)
pH = 7-14
Low hydrogen concentration
Accepts protons/hydrogen atoms.
Buffers
Reduced the change of pH when an acid or base is added.
What are the four major classes of organic molecules?
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
What is the building block of carbohydrates?
Monosaccharides
What is the function of carbohydrates?
Source of energy, building material, and energy storage.
Carbohydrates give out ______ energy.
QUICK
Glycologen
Form of energy stored in animal muscles.
Are carbohydrates hydrophilic or hydrophobic?
Hydrophilic
What are the building blocks for lipids?
Fatty acids and glycerol.
What is the function of lipids?
To store energy and make hormones.
What are the four types of lipids?
Fats
Steroids
Phospholipids
Waxes
Triglyceride
Consisting of three fatty acids.
Saturated Fat
Full of hydrogens
Single bonds.
High melting point.
Packed close together.
Unsaturated Fat
Missing hydrogen bonds
Contains double bonds.
Low melting points
No packed close together.
Phospholipids
Amphiphilic
Head is hydrophilic
Legs are hydrophobic
Steroids
Hormones.
Cholesterol is an important component in animal cell membranes.
What are the different types of Waxes?
Plant wax (mineral0
Animal (beeswax)
What are the building blocks for proteins?
Amino acids
What is the function of proteins?
Structure
Enzymes
Transport
Defense
Hormones
Motion
Denaturation
Process in which a protein unravels and loses its native conformation making the protein inactive
Amino acids have
An R group (their functional group)
amino acid group and carboxyl group
Are lipids hydrophilic or hydrophobic?
both hydrophilic and hydrophobic
Enzymes are what kind of organic biomolecule?
Protein.
What is the building block of nucleic acids?
Nucleotides
What are the functions of nucleic acids?
Stores genetic information
Transfer of genetic material
Conduct chemical reactions.
What are nucleotides made up of?
Phosphate group
5-carbon sugar (PENTOSE)
Nitrogenous base
what are some examples of nucleic acids?
DNA
RNA
ATP
Polysaccharide
Long chains of sugar units.
Dehydration Synthesis
Water molecules are released to bind monomers together.
For lipids- 3 water molecules are released
Hydrolysis
Water is used to break down chemical bonds
