Chapter 6 Bones And Bone Structure Flashcards
Functions of the skeletal system: 
support, storage of minerals, whippets, and blood cell production, protection and leveage (change direction of force)
6 Bone categories:
Sutural bones, irregular bones, short bones, flat bones, long bones, and Sesamoid bones
Sutural Bones: Flat: Skull Between Cranial Bones - Irregular: Complex shape, short flat, notched or ribbed. Vertebrae, Pelvis, Skull - Short: Boxlike, Carpal (wrist) or Tarsal (ankle
Flat: Thin parallel surface, Skull, Sternum, ribs, sacpulae (shoulder), Protection of underlying tissue, Extensive area for muscle attachment - Long Bones: Long slender, arm, leg, forearm, thigh, palms, fingers soles toes - Sesmoid: Seed shaped, small round, Knee, Hands, Feet. (Petella)
A long bone has: Test
Diaphysis (Extended Tubular Shaft), Epiphyses (Expanded Ends “Spongy Bone” Trabecular Bone), Metaphyses (Where Diaphsis and Epiphysis are connected) Medullary Cavity (Bone Marrow)
Bone Marrow Blood Production - Red Blood Cells
Bone Tissue “Ensheated” by Perioteum
Bones are classified by shape and structure
Two types of bone tissue: compact bone and spongy bone
The Medullary Cavity and Spongy Bone contains:
Red and Yellow bone marrow
Bone Shapes
Sutural (small flat irregular), Irregular (Complex shape), Short Bones (Boxy (Carpal Bones), Flat (Thin Parallel surfaces), Long Bones (slender ends are wider) Sesamoid Bone (Seed Shaped - Petella)
Bone matrix: Hydroxyapatite, Calcium Crystals
Bone without calcified matrix is flexible
Osteogenic cells differentiate into Osteoblasts.
Osteoblasts synthesize new bone matrix
Osteocytes and Canaliculi assists in bone repair
Osteoclasts dissolve the matrix through Osteolysis
Osteoporosis - severe loss of bone mass, 45 and up,
29% Women, 18% Men, Sex Hormones help maintain bone mass
The functional unit of compact bone is Osteon
Lamellae surrounds the Osteon
Osteons contain Osteocytes
Osteocytes - Mature bone Cells, in Lactunae
Spongy bone is located where stresses are limited
Process - Projection or Bump. Muscles attach
Exercise - lessen Osteoporosis (esp women)
Bones, Intestines, Kidneys affect Calcium ION concentration.
Ossification is the process of bone formation
Calcification ____ is the process of depositing calcium salt
Skull: Ramus - Part of bone that forms angle to the rest of the bone. Sinus - Chamber (with air). Foramen - Round hole, Blood Vessels and Nerves
Fissure - Deep Furrow Clef or slit, Meatus - Passage or channel (canal)
Canal - Duct or Channel
Endochondral Ossification ____is cartilage replaced by bone at metaphysis
Formation of the Epiphyseal Line differs from person to person
Osteoclasts: Regulated by Hormones
3 major sets of blood vessels supply blood to the bones
Exercise, nutrition ____and hormones affect bone development
2/3 of weight of bone ____is Calcium Phosphate Crystals
Shape and Thickness of bones reflect stresses on them
Vitamins for bone growth ____is C and D
Osteopenia effects ____the aging, Begins age 30 - 40, Women lose 8% per year, Men 3%,
Osteopenia - Non Pathological Bone Loss
Normal Ossification requires reliable sources of minerals, vitamins and hormones
Osteopina effects - Epiphysis, Vertebrae, Jaw the most. Fragile, shortens height, tooth loss.
Calcium is critical to bone physiology
99% of calcium resides in the skeleton
Endochondral Ossification is Bone Growth at the Epiphyseal Cartilage.
The Epiphyseal Line: indicates that growth has ended
Fracture is a break _____or a crack in bone, Bone Repair is stronger than original bone
Fracture repair involves: Fracture Hematoma, external callus and internal callus
Interaction among bones, intestines and kidneys affects Calcium Ion Concentration
Haversian System: Osteon microscopic tubes in Cortical bone
Bone Remodeling -Organic and minerals continuously recycled
Osteoblasts - Replace Central Cartilage of External Callus with Spongy Bone.
Pariosteum - Lympthatic Vessels and Sensory Nerves
Parathyroid and Calcitonin - Hormones that facilitate Calcium Ions in Bone
2 Types of Fractures: Open (Compound) and Closed (Simple)
Types of Fractures: Traverse, Displaced, Compression (spine), Spiral,
Comminuted (bad), Green Stick (line fracture no separation), Coles (distal forearm), Pott’s (Posterior near tarsal ankle).
Long Bone Sections: Diaphsis (Shaft), Epiphysis (Head), Epiphyseal Disc
Intramembranous Ossification: Dermal Ossification, Occurs in Dermis, dermal bones (mandible), Clavicles (shoulder)
Starts about 8th week of embryonic development.
Four Bone Cells - Osteogenic Cells (Osteoprogenitor): Stem Cell produce Osteoblasts
Mesenchymal divide, produce Osteoblasts, Found in Periosteum, Assists in bone repair, Wall of Medullary Cavity
Osteoblasts: Immature bone cell, secretes organic component into matrix
produce new bone matrix - Osteogenesis (ossification) - Osteiod is Matrix from Osteoblasts, Cuboidal Or Columnar, surrounded by bone matrix become Osteocytes
Bone Mass: 1/3 collagen 2% bone cells
Osteocytes: mature, don’t divide, live in Lacunae between layers of matrix around blood vessels
Canaliculi: cytoplasmic extention, Functions: Maintain Protein & Mineral content, Repair bone.
Osteoclasts: Absorb old matrix ( dissolve it) and remove it, Lg, Multi Nucleate, Ruffled Border
Secretes Acid, Protein digesting enzymes, important to Homeostasis, from same stem cells that produce macrophages and moncytes.
Periosteum: Covers outer surface of bone, except joints.
outer fibrous and inner cellular layers
Canacliculi: Narrow passageways that allow for exchange of Nutrients, Wastes and gasses.
Bone Depressions: Sulcus - Narrow groove
Fossa - shallow depression
Projections where muscles and tendons and ligaments attach. Trochanter - Large Rough Projection, Crest - Prominent Ridge
Spine - Pointed Process, Line - low ridge, Tubercle - small rounded projection, Tuberosity - Rough Projection
Projections that form joints: Head - Expanded Articular end of Epiphysis, Neck - Narrow Connection between Epiphysis & Diaphysis
Facet - small flat articular surface, Condyle - Smooth round articular process, Trochlea - Smooth Grooved Process (Pully shaped)
Cortex - Compact Bone
Diploe - Spongy Bone
Osteon: Functional Unit of Compact Bone
Central Canal - Contains Blood Vessels, Perforating Canals - Perpendicular to Surface, Blood deep into bone & Marrow
Lamellae: Layers of Bone Matrix, Concentric surrounds blood vessels, Interstitial fills space between Osteons,
Circumferential lamellae is outer and inner bone surface.
Red Bone Marrow: Fills Spaces of Trabeculae, ,
Red Blood Cells Supplies nutrients to Osteocytes by diffusion
Yellow Bone Marrow: Found in Spongy Bone, Stores Fat
Weight Bearing Bone: Trabeculae in Epiphysis Femur transfers Forces from Pelvis to Compact Bone.
Medial side compresses, causes tension on lateral side.
Periosteum: Covers outside of bone (except joints), Fiberous inner/outer cellular layer,
interwoven with Tendons, perforating - incorp with Bone, increase strength,
Periosteun Function: Isolate Bone, Provides route for blood vessels
Participates in bone growth and repair
Endosteum: Incomplete cellular layer lines the Medullary
Active during bone growth, Covers Trabeculae in Spongy Bone, Lines Central Canals, flattened layer of Osteogenic Cells
Ossification: Bone Formation - Some Bones grow till age 25.
Endochondral Ossification -, Intramembranous Ossification
Calcification - Calcium Salts, Occurs during Ossification
Endochondral Ossification: How most bones form
Primary Ossification Center - Develops in Hyaline Cartilage
Endochondral Ossification Steps (7): Step One: Cartilage enlarge, Condrocytes increase in size
Shaft increases in size. Small struts form, Condrocytes die, leaving cavities in the cartilage.
Endochondral Ossification Two: Blood Vessels grow, Perichondrium converts to Osteoblasts, cartilage ensheathed superficial layer of bone
Step three: Blood vessels penetrate cartilage, Fibroblasts migrate into Osteoblasts, Produce Spongy Bone
Endochondral Ossification: Step 4: Remodeling, Medullary created, osseous tissue shaft thickens,
Cartilage near Epiphysis is replaced by shaft of bone.
Endochondral Ossification: Step 5: Capillaries and Osteoblast Migrate into Epiphysis, creates 2nd ossification center
Step 6: Epiphysis becomes filled with Spongy Bone, Epiphyseal Cartilage (Metaphysis) Separates Epiphysis from Diaphysis. Osteoblasts continue to invade cartilage and form bone.
Endochondral Ossification Step 6: Epiphyseal Cartilage Side (Condrocytes continue) Diaphysis Side they degenerate.
Osteoblasts migrate upward from Diaphysis, cartilage replaced by bone.
Endochondral Ossification Step 7: Puberty - Epiphyseal production slows, Osteoblast production increases.
Epiphyseal Closure: It slowly disappears. Helped by the Secondary Ossification Center (Epiphyseal Line on X-Rays)
Appositional Growth - growth in width. Replaces by Osteons
Osteoclasts slowly remove matrix inner bone, to form Medullary Space.
Intramembraneous Ossification: (Dermal Ossification): Mandible Bone and Clavicles
Starts in 8th week (embryo), deep dermal Bone, Mesenchymel become Osteoblasts - secrete matrix, mineralized with calcium salts
Intramembraneous Ossification 2: Osteoblasts trapped in bone matrix become osteocytes. Form small struts - Spincules
3: Blood vessels branch, grow between Spincules, Spincules trap blood vessels,
Intramembraneous Ossification 4: cont deposits of osteoblasts close to blood vessels,
5: Forms osteons like compact bone, Osteoblasts on surface become Periosteum.
Nutrient Foramina in Diaphysis allows blood vessels to enter.
Metaphyseal Vessels supply Epiphyseal Cartilage.
Periosteal Blood vessels supply superficial Osteons and secondary ossification centers
Periosteum contains Lymph Vessels and nerves
Bone Remodeling Occurs through life,
involves Osteoblast, Osteoclasts and Osteocytes.
Exercise is good, heavily stressed increase in size, Osteoblasts increased by weight training
bone degenerates quickly, 1/3 mass can be lost in a few weeks
Minerals - Calcium and phosphorus, Small Amts of magnesium
Vit D3, Calcitriol made in Kidneys, essential for calcium and phosphate.
D3 - Cholecalciferol, K and B12 for synth bone proteins
Vit C for Collagen & Osteoblast Differentiation, Vit A stimulates Osteoblast activity
Growth, Thyroxine, Estrogen and Testosterone Stimulate Bone Growth and Osteoblasts
Parathyroid and Calcitonin - maintain Calcium Ion Homeostasis, effect storage (bones), absorption(Digestive), excretion (Kidneys)
Skeleton 99% calcium in body, Most abundant Mineral in body
Calcium Ions are vital to physiological in body
Parathyroid Glands in the Neck, stimulates Osteoblasts
increase instestinal absorption (kidney), decrease excretion (kidneys)
Calcitonin - C Cells in Thyroid, decreases blood levels, Inhibits Osteoclasts, increase excretion (kidneys), decrease absorption (intestines).
Types of Fractures (9) - Traverse: straight across break. Displaced: Shaft pushed away from center, can be multi. Compression: Spine
Spiral: circular break. Epiphyseal: Epiphyseal Line. Commuted: Basically shattered. Green Stick: clean break but no separation. Coles Fracture is at the Distal end of the forearm. Pott’s is at the distal end of the leg at the ankle