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Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 6 Bones And Bone Structure > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Bones And Bone Structure Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the skeletal system: 

A

support, storage of minerals, whippets, and blood cell production, protection and leveage (change direction of force)

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2
Q

6 Bone categories:

A

Sutural bones, irregular bones, short bones, flat bones, long bones, and Sesamoid bones

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3
Q

Sutural Bones: Flat: Skull Between Cranial Bones - Irregular: Complex shape, short flat, notched or ribbed. Vertebrae, Pelvis, Skull - Short: Boxlike, Carpal (wrist) or Tarsal (ankle

A

Flat: Thin parallel surface, Skull, Sternum, ribs, sacpulae (shoulder), Protection of underlying tissue, Extensive area for muscle attachment - Long Bones: Long slender, arm, leg, forearm, thigh, palms, fingers soles toes - Sesmoid: Seed shaped, small round, Knee, Hands, Feet. (Petella)

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4
Q

A long bone has: Test

A

Diaphysis (Extended Tubular Shaft), Epiphyses (Expanded Ends “Spongy Bone” Trabecular Bone), Metaphyses (Where Diaphsis and Epiphysis are connected) Medullary Cavity (Bone Marrow)

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5
Q

Bone Marrow Blood Production - Red Blood Cells

A

Bone Tissue “Ensheated” by Perioteum

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6
Q

Bones are classified by shape and structure

A
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7
Q

Two types of bone tissue: compact bone and spongy bone

A
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8
Q

The Medullary Cavity and Spongy Bone contains:

A

Red and Yellow bone marrow

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9
Q

Bone Shapes

A

Sutural (small flat irregular), Irregular (Complex shape), Short Bones (Boxy (Carpal Bones), Flat (Thin Parallel surfaces), Long Bones (slender ends are wider) Sesamoid Bone (Seed Shaped - Petella)

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10
Q

Bone matrix: Hydroxyapatite, Calcium Crystals

A

Bone without calcified matrix is flexible

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11
Q

Osteogenic cells differentiate into Osteoblasts.

A

Osteoblasts synthesize new bone matrix

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12
Q

Osteocytes and Canaliculi assists in bone repair

A

Osteoclasts dissolve the matrix through Osteolysis

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13
Q

Osteoporosis - severe loss of bone mass, 45 and up,

A

29% Women, 18% Men, Sex Hormones help maintain bone mass

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14
Q

The functional unit of compact bone is Osteon

A

Lamellae surrounds the Osteon

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15
Q

Osteons contain Osteocytes

A

Osteocytes - Mature bone Cells, in Lactunae

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16
Q

Spongy bone is located where stresses are limited

A

Process - Projection or Bump. Muscles attach

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17
Q

Exercise - lessen Osteoporosis (esp women)

A

Bones, Intestines, Kidneys affect Calcium ION concentration.

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18
Q

Ossification is the process of bone formation

A

Calcification ____ is the process of depositing calcium salt

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19
Q

Skull: Ramus - Part of bone that forms angle to the rest of the bone. Sinus - Chamber (with air). Foramen - Round hole, Blood Vessels and Nerves

A

Fissure - Deep Furrow Clef or slit, Meatus - Passage or channel (canal)
Canal - Duct or Channel

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20
Q

Endochondral Ossification ____is cartilage replaced by bone at metaphysis

A

Formation of the Epiphyseal Line differs from person to person

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21
Q

Osteoclasts: Regulated by Hormones

A

3 major sets of blood vessels supply blood to the bones

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22
Q

Exercise, nutrition ____and hormones affect bone development

A

2/3 of weight of bone ____is Calcium Phosphate Crystals

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23
Q

Shape and Thickness of bones reflect stresses on them

A

Vitamins for bone growth ____is C and D

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24
Q

Osteopenia effects ____the aging, Begins age 30 - 40, Women lose 8% per year, Men 3%,

A

Osteopenia - Non Pathological Bone Loss

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25
Q

Normal Ossification requires reliable sources of minerals, vitamins and hormones

A

Osteopina effects - Epiphysis, Vertebrae, Jaw the most. Fragile, shortens height, tooth loss.

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26
Q

Calcium is critical to bone physiology

A

99% of calcium resides in the skeleton

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27
Q

Endochondral Ossification is Bone Growth at the Epiphyseal Cartilage.

A

The Epiphyseal Line: indicates that growth has ended

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28
Q

Fracture is a break _____or a crack in bone, Bone Repair is stronger than original bone

A

Fracture repair involves: Fracture Hematoma, external callus and internal callus

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29
Q

Interaction among bones, intestines and kidneys affects Calcium Ion Concentration

A

Haversian System: Osteon microscopic tubes in Cortical bone

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30
Q

Bone Remodeling -Organic and minerals continuously recycled

A

Osteoblasts - Replace Central Cartilage of External Callus with Spongy Bone.

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31
Q

Pariosteum - Lympthatic Vessels and Sensory Nerves

A

Parathyroid and Calcitonin - Hormones that facilitate Calcium Ions in Bone

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32
Q

2 Types of Fractures: Open (Compound) and Closed (Simple)

A
33
Q

Types of Fractures: Traverse, Displaced, Compression (spine), Spiral,

A

Comminuted (bad), Green Stick (line fracture no separation), Coles (distal forearm), Pott’s (Posterior near tarsal ankle).

34
Q

Long Bone Sections: Diaphsis (Shaft), Epiphysis (Head), Epiphyseal Disc

A
35
Q

Intramembranous Ossification: Dermal Ossification, Occurs in Dermis, dermal bones (mandible), Clavicles (shoulder)

A

Starts about 8th week of embryonic development.

36
Q

Four Bone Cells - Osteogenic Cells (Osteoprogenitor): Stem Cell produce Osteoblasts

A

Mesenchymal divide, produce Osteoblasts, Found in Periosteum, Assists in bone repair, Wall of Medullary Cavity

37
Q

Osteoblasts: Immature bone cell, secretes organic component into matrix

A

produce new bone matrix - Osteogenesis (ossification) - Osteiod is Matrix from Osteoblasts, Cuboidal Or Columnar, surrounded by bone matrix become Osteocytes

38
Q

Bone Mass: 1/3 collagen 2% bone cells

A
39
Q

Osteocytes: mature, don’t divide, live in Lacunae between layers of matrix around blood vessels

A

Canaliculi: cytoplasmic extention, Functions: Maintain Protein & Mineral content, Repair bone.

40
Q

Osteoclasts: Absorb old matrix ( dissolve it) and remove it, Lg, Multi Nucleate, Ruffled Border

A

Secretes Acid, Protein digesting enzymes, important to Homeostasis, from same stem cells that produce macrophages and moncytes.

41
Q

Periosteum: Covers outer surface of bone, except joints.

A

outer fibrous and inner cellular layers

42
Q

Canacliculi: Narrow passageways that allow for exchange of Nutrients, Wastes and gasses.

A
43
Q

Bone Depressions: Sulcus - Narrow groove

A

Fossa - shallow depression

44
Q

Projections where muscles and tendons and ligaments attach. Trochanter - Large Rough Projection, Crest - Prominent Ridge

A

Spine - Pointed Process, Line - low ridge, Tubercle - small rounded projection, Tuberosity - Rough Projection

45
Q

Projections that form joints: Head - Expanded Articular end of Epiphysis, Neck - Narrow Connection between Epiphysis & Diaphysis

A

Facet - small flat articular surface, Condyle - Smooth round articular process, Trochlea - Smooth Grooved Process (Pully shaped)

46
Q

Cortex - Compact Bone

A

Diploe - Spongy Bone

47
Q

Osteon: Functional Unit of Compact Bone

A

Central Canal - Contains Blood Vessels, Perforating Canals - Perpendicular to Surface, Blood deep into bone & Marrow

48
Q

Lamellae: Layers of Bone Matrix, Concentric surrounds blood vessels, Interstitial fills space between Osteons,

A

Circumferential lamellae is outer and inner bone surface.

49
Q

Red Bone Marrow: Fills Spaces of Trabeculae, ,

A

Red Blood Cells Supplies nutrients to Osteocytes by diffusion

50
Q

Yellow Bone Marrow: Found in Spongy Bone, Stores Fat

A
51
Q

Weight Bearing Bone: Trabeculae in Epiphysis Femur transfers Forces from Pelvis to Compact Bone.

A

Medial side compresses, causes tension on lateral side.

52
Q

Periosteum: Covers outside of bone (except joints), Fiberous inner/outer cellular layer,

A

interwoven with Tendons, perforating - incorp with Bone, increase strength,

53
Q

Periosteun Function: Isolate Bone, Provides route for blood vessels

A

Participates in bone growth and repair

54
Q

Endosteum: Incomplete cellular layer lines the Medullary

A

Active during bone growth, Covers Trabeculae in Spongy Bone, Lines Central Canals, flattened layer of Osteogenic Cells

55
Q

Ossification: Bone Formation - Some Bones grow till age 25.

A

Endochondral Ossification -, Intramembranous Ossification

56
Q

Calcification - Calcium Salts, Occurs during Ossification

A
57
Q

Endochondral Ossification: How most bones form

A

Primary Ossification Center - Develops in Hyaline Cartilage

58
Q

Endochondral Ossification Steps (7): Step One: Cartilage enlarge, Condrocytes increase in size

A

Shaft increases in size. Small struts form, Condrocytes die, leaving cavities in the cartilage.

59
Q

Endochondral Ossification Two: Blood Vessels grow, Perichondrium converts to Osteoblasts, cartilage ensheathed superficial layer of bone

A

Step three: Blood vessels penetrate cartilage, Fibroblasts migrate into Osteoblasts, Produce Spongy Bone

60
Q

Endochondral Ossification: Step 4: Remodeling, Medullary created, osseous tissue shaft thickens,

A

Cartilage near Epiphysis is replaced by shaft of bone.

61
Q

Endochondral Ossification: Step 5: Capillaries and Osteoblast Migrate into Epiphysis, creates 2nd ossification center

A

Step 6: Epiphysis becomes filled with Spongy Bone, Epiphyseal Cartilage (Metaphysis) Separates Epiphysis from Diaphysis. Osteoblasts continue to invade cartilage and form bone.

62
Q

Endochondral Ossification Step 6: Epiphyseal Cartilage Side (Condrocytes continue) Diaphysis Side they degenerate.

A

Osteoblasts migrate upward from Diaphysis, cartilage replaced by bone.

63
Q

Endochondral Ossification Step 7: Puberty - Epiphyseal production slows, Osteoblast production increases.

A

Epiphyseal Closure: It slowly disappears. Helped by the Secondary Ossification Center (Epiphyseal Line on X-Rays)

64
Q

Appositional Growth - growth in width. Replaces by Osteons

A

Osteoclasts slowly remove matrix inner bone, to form Medullary Space.

65
Q

Intramembraneous Ossification: (Dermal Ossification): Mandible Bone and Clavicles

A

Starts in 8th week (embryo), deep dermal Bone, Mesenchymel become Osteoblasts - secrete matrix, mineralized with calcium salts

66
Q

Intramembraneous Ossification 2: Osteoblasts trapped in bone matrix become osteocytes. Form small struts - Spincules

A

3: Blood vessels branch, grow between Spincules, Spincules trap blood vessels,

67
Q

Intramembraneous Ossification 4: cont deposits of osteoblasts close to blood vessels,

A

5: Forms osteons like compact bone, Osteoblasts on surface become Periosteum.

68
Q

Nutrient Foramina in Diaphysis allows blood vessels to enter.

A

Metaphyseal Vessels supply Epiphyseal Cartilage.

69
Q

Periosteal Blood vessels supply superficial Osteons and secondary ossification centers

A

Periosteum contains Lymph Vessels and nerves

70
Q

Bone Remodeling Occurs through life,

A

involves Osteoblast, Osteoclasts and Osteocytes.

71
Q

Exercise is good, heavily stressed increase in size, Osteoblasts increased by weight training

A

bone degenerates quickly, 1/3 mass can be lost in a few weeks

72
Q

Minerals - Calcium and phosphorus, Small Amts of magnesium

A

Vit D3, Calcitriol made in Kidneys, essential for calcium and phosphate.

73
Q

D3 - Cholecalciferol, K and B12 for synth bone proteins

A

Vit C for Collagen & Osteoblast Differentiation, Vit A stimulates Osteoblast activity

74
Q

Growth, Thyroxine, Estrogen and Testosterone Stimulate Bone Growth and Osteoblasts

A

Parathyroid and Calcitonin - maintain Calcium Ion Homeostasis, effect storage (bones), absorption(Digestive), excretion (Kidneys)

75
Q

Skeleton 99% calcium in body, Most abundant Mineral in body

A

Calcium Ions are vital to physiological in body

76
Q

Parathyroid Glands in the Neck, stimulates Osteoblasts

A

increase instestinal absorption (kidney), decrease excretion (kidneys)

77
Q

Calcitonin - C Cells in Thyroid, decreases blood levels, Inhibits Osteoclasts, increase excretion (kidneys), decrease absorption (intestines).

A
78
Q

Types of Fractures (9) - Traverse: straight across break. Displaced: Shaft pushed away from center, can be multi. Compression: Spine

A

Spiral: circular break. Epiphyseal: Epiphyseal Line. Commuted: Basically shattered. Green Stick: clean break but no separation. Coles Fracture is at the Distal end of the forearm. Pott’s is at the distal end of the leg at the ankle

Anatomy and Physiology (19 decks)

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