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Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 10: Muscles > Flashcards

Chapter 10: Muscles Flashcards

1
Q

Skeletal Muscles are _____ and moves the body by ______ on the bones.

A

Voluntary and Contracting or Pulling on the bones

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2
Q

Cardiac Muscles are _______, the shape is ________ , have lots of _______ to produce _______

A

Involuntary, striated, mitochondria, ATP

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3
Q

Smooth Muscle is ______, is found in the hollow organs like the ______ and _______, are triggered by _______

A

Involuntary, digestive system and blood vessels, hormones and nerves.

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4
Q

Muscle Tissue is specialized for ___________.

A

contaction

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5
Q

Cardiac and Smooth mucles control the _______ inside the body

A

movement

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6
Q

Excitability is ________ to stimuli

A

responsiveness

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7
Q

Excitable Membranes are found in _______ and _______

A

muscle fibers and neurons

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8
Q

Depolarization and Repolarization produce _________ potentials

A

action

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9
Q

Motor neurons make skeletal muscles ________

A

Contract

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10
Q

Functions of Skeletal Muscles are _________ movement, _______ posture, _______ soft tissue, guard _______ entrences, maintain body _____ and stores _______

A

produce, maintain, support, body, temp and neutrients

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11
Q

Skeletal Muscles contain _______ tissue, ________ tissue, _______ vessels and Nerves

A

muscle, connective, blood and nerves

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12
Q

Epimysium is ______ fibers that ______ muscle

A

collagen, surrounds

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13
Q

Epimysium _______ to deep ______

A

connected, fascia

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14
Q

Epimysium seperates _______ from the surrounding tissue

A

muscle

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15
Q

Perimysium surronds the muscle ______ bundles called (Fascicles)

A

fiber

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16
Q

Perimysium contains _____ fibers, _____ fibers, _____ vessels and ______

A

collagen, elastic, blood, nerves

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17
Q

Endomysium contains: _____ vessels, Myosatellite (_____ Cells) which repair damage to _____ fibers and Nerve _____

A

capillary, Stem, Muscle, fibers

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17
Q

Endomysium surrounds the individual muscles ______

A

cells

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18
Q

Excitability - Change in polarity is _______ ______

A

action potential

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19
Q

Collagen fibers of the Epimysium, Perimysium and Endomysium come together at the ends of _____ to form ______ (Bundles) or a _______ ( Tendenous Sheet)

A

muscle, tendons (Bundles) or aponeurosis (Sheet)

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20
Q

Tendons ( Bundles) and Aponeurosis (Sheets) are to attach ______ ______to bone.

A

skeletal muscles

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21
Q

Skeletal Muscles have extensive _____ networks, that deliver _____ and _____. Removes metabolic _____

A

vascular, oxygen and neutrients, waste,

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22
Q

Skeletal muscles only contract when directed by the ______ system

A

nervous

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23
Q

The Diaphragm contracts generally ____________

A

subconciously

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24
Q

Mytoblasts - Long Cylindrical ______

A

Cells

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25
Q

Skeletal Muscle Fiber has ____ Nuclei, are ____ than other cells

A

100’s, larger

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26
Q

Skeletal Muscle is _______ muscle

A

Striated

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27
Q

Myoblasts are fusion of _______ cells

A

embryonic

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28
Q

Myoblast fusion creates _______

A

muscle fiber

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29
Q

Myosatellite cells are on the edge of the , Myosatellite Cells are ____ cells that _____ damage

A

Endomysium, Stem, Repair

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30
Q

Mature _______ fiber (cell) can be up to 30cm long

A

muscle

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31
Q

Muscle Fiber is made of ______ outer layer, have multi ______, Mitochondria to produce _____, and myofibrils

A

Sarcolemma, Nuclei, ATP

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32
Q

The Sarcolemma (Muscle Cell Membrane) surrounds the _______, which is the cytoplasm of _____ fiber (cell)

A

sarcoplasm, muscle

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33
Q

Sudden change in membrane potential (diff between pos and neg Calcium Ions) initiates a ________

A

contraction

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34
Q

Transverse Tubules (T Tubules) Extend from the surface of _____ fiber deep into the sarcoplasm

A

muscle

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35
Q

Transverse Tubules transmit _____ ______ from the sarcolemma to the ____ interior

A

action potentials, cell

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36
Q

Action Potentials trigger _______

A

contraction

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37
Q

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (same as Endoplasmic Reticulum in other cells) has a ______ that surrounds the _______

A

tubular network, myofibrils

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38
Q

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum is simular to ________ _____ Reticulum

A

Smooth Endoplasmic

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39
Q

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum forms chambers called _______ Cisternae attach to _______, Two Terminal Cisternae and a _______ from a ______

A

Termial, T Tubule, Triad

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40
Q

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum is specialized to storage and release of ______. Ions are transported from ______ to the Cisternae

A

Calcium Ions, Cytosol

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41
Q

Myofibrils - lengthwise subdivisions within ________ fiber

A

muscle

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42
Q

Myofibrils are responsible for Muscle ____

A

contraction

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43
Q

Myofibrils are bundles of ______ filaments called _______

A

protein, myofilaments

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44
Q

Two Types of Myofilaments: ________ and _______

A

Thin and Thick Filaments

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45
Q

Thin Myofilaments are composed of _______

A

Actin

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46
Q

Thick Myofilaments are composed of _______

A

Myosin

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47
Q

Actin and Myosin will ______

A

Overlap

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48
Q

Thin Filament is composed of _____, Nebulin, ________, Troponin ______

A

F-Actin, Nebulin, Tropomyosin and Troponin Protein

49
Q

Filamentous Actin (F-Actin) is a Twisted ________ of two rows of Globular ______ molecules

A

strands, G-Actin

50
Q

Active Sites, _______ bind to _______

A

G-Actin, Myosin

51
Q

Nebulin holds ________ strand together

A

F-Actin

52
Q

Tropomyosin Covers Sites on _______ and Prevents ______ _____ interaction

A

G-Actin, Actin Mysoin

53
Q

Troponin - is a Globular ______, Binds _________, _______ and Ca2 (______)

A

Protein, Tropomyosin, G-Actin and Ca2 (Calcium Ion)

54
Q

The F-Actin Strand is composed of ______ molecules, _______, Nebulin and ______

A

G-Action, Topomyosin, Troponin

55
Q

Myofibril is Sacromere with _____ band, ______ line in the middle, _____ line on the ends

A

H, M, Z

56
Q

Sacromeres are the _____ _____of ______ Fiber

A

Smallest unit of muscle

57
Q

Sacromeres: Interact between Filaments to produce _______

A

Contraction

58
Q

Sacromere arangement of filaments, accounts for ______ of _______

A

striation , Myofibrils

59
Q

M Line is the center of the _____ band (Dark bands), ______ stablize _____ filaments

A

A, proteins, thick

60
Q

The ____ band is on either side of the _____ Line,Has _____ filaments

A

H, M, thick

61
Q

Sacromeres Zone of Overlap, _______ region, where _____ and _____ Filaments overlap

A

dark, thick, thin

62
Q

The I Band (Light Bands) contains ______ Filaments, ____ lines mark the boundries between ______

A

thin, Z, sacromeres

63
Q

Titin is ______ Protein, Extends from _____Filaments to ___ Line, Keeps _____ in alignment, restores _____ sacromere length.

A

Elastic, thick, Z, filaments, resting

64
Q

Thick _______ contain _____ _____ molecules

A

filaments 300 myosin

65
Q

Myosin Structure, each contain a ____, that binds to other myosin molecules. The _____ is made of 2 ______ protein subunits. Projects towards nearest ______ filament. The _____ of Titin _____ after stretching

A

Tail, Head, Globular. Thin. Core, Recoils

66
Q

Sliding Filament Theory: During Contaction, the ____ & ____ bands Narrow. Overlap zones ____, ____ Lines move closer together., The A _____ width stays _______, Filaments ____ slide towards center of the _______

A

H & I, Widen, Z, line consitent, must Sacromere

67
Q

Excitable Membranes in muscle: Polarize and Depolarize Produce ____ _____

A

Action Potential

68
Q

Motor _____ stimulate muscle _____

A

Neurons, contraction

69
Q

Neuromuscular Junction (NMJ): Synaspe between a _____ and Skeletal _________ fiber

A

neuron, muscle

70
Q

At the Axon, the neurotransmitter (ACh) is _______ into the synaptic ____

A

released, cleft

71
Q

ACh binds to and ____ a chemically gated ______ (Na+) Channel on the ______ fiber

A

opens, sodium, muscle

72
Q

Synaptic Clef is a ______ space that seperates the ______ terminal of the ______. from the opposing ______ end plate

A

narrow, axon, Neuron, motor

73
Q

ACh is released when ______impulse, (or action potential) at the ______ terminal

A

electrical, axon

74
Q

______ potential is a sudden change in ______ potential and travels along the _______

A

Action, membrane, axon

75
Q

When ____ potential reaches the ______, it triggers ______ of the ACh (Neurotransmitter) into the ______ Cleft

A

Action, axon, Exocytosis, Synaptic

76
Q

Exocytosis is when vesicles ____ with the _____ plasma _____

A

fuse, neuron’s, membrane

77
Q

ACh diffuse across _____ Cleft, binding opens membrane surface of the _____ end plate. Extracellular Fluid contains _____ concentration of ____ outside of ____. Low internal concetration causes the _____ rush inside the ____

A

Synaptic, motor, high, sodium, Cell, Sodium Cytosol

78
Q

The _____ rush of ____ causes _____ _____,

A

sudden, sodium ions, action potential

79
Q

Action Potential travels down _____ to the _____

A

T Tubule, Triad

80
Q

Troponin-Topomysoin changes activate sites on _____ filaments. _______ cycle begins

A

thin , contraction

81
Q

Contraction Coupling 1: Nerual Control: Muscle fiber contracts when stimulated at the _________ (NMJ). Stimulus arrives as a _______ _______

A

Neuralmuscular Junction, Action Potential

82
Q

Contraction Coupling2: Excitation: Action Potential causes release of _____ into the _______ Cleft. Leads to Action Potential in the _______

A

ACh, Sympatic, Sarcolemma

83
Q

Contraction Coupling 3: Release of Calcium Ions: Action ______ travels down along the ____ and down _______ to the ______

A

Potential, Sarcolemma, T Tubules, Triad.

84
Q

Contraction Coupling 4: Contraction Cycle Begins: Cycle begins when Ca2+ ______ to _______ on the active sites of the ______ Filament. Allows Cross Bridging and will continue as long as _____ available.

A

binds, toponin, Thin, ATP

85
Q

Contraction Coupling 5: Sacromere Shortening: ______ and ______ Filiments ________. The ______ shortens, _______ the ends of _________ fiber closer together

A

Thick Thin, Interact, Sacromere, pulling, muscle

86
Q

Contraction Coupling 6: Generation of Muscle Tension: Muscles shorten at each end, causeing ________ or ________..

A

pull or tension

87
Q

Contraction Cycle: Cycle _____, Active Site _______, Cross Bridging (_______ binds to ______), Myosin Head ______ (Power stroke), Cross Bridge ________, ______ Reactivation

A

begins, Exsposure, Myosin Actin, pivots, deactivation, Myosin

88
Q

Contraction Cycle Begins with the arrival of ______ (Ca2+) within the Zone of ______ in the ________

A

Calcium Ions, Overlap, Sacromeres

89
Q

Active Site Exposure: Ca2+ binds to troponin, weakening the bond between _____ and the _______ - _______ complex. Then the Troponin __________ position, rolling the ______ molecule away from active sites, allowing interaction with the energized ________ Heads

A

Actin, Toponin-Topomyosin, changes , Topomysoin, Myosin

90
Q

Cross-Bridge, Active Sites are ______, Energized _______ Heads ______ to them, forming _______-________

A

Exposed, Myosin Bind, Cross-Bridges

91
Q

Myosin Head Pivoting: After ______-______ formation, Energy is _______ as ______ Heads ______ towards the M ______. This is called a _____ _____ Stroke. Bound ADP and Phosphate (P) is ________

A

Cross-Bridge, released Myosin Pivots, Line. Power. Released

92
Q

Cross-Bridge Detachment: When _____ bind to Myosin ______. The link between ______ Head and ______ Site on the ______ molecule is ______. Active ____ is now _____ and open to form another ______ - ________

A

ATP, Head, Myosin, Active, Actin, broken. Site Exsposed, Cross Bridge

93
Q

Myosin Reactivation: Occurs when ______ Head, Splits _____ into ______ and P. Energy _______ is used to ______ the _______ _______

A

Myosin, ATP ADP, released, Recock, Myosin Head

94
Q

Resting Sacromere: Myosin ____ is already _____, for contraction. Each Myosin Head _____ away from the ____ line. Myosin Head Cocked like a ____ in a _____ _____. Cocking requires ____ to be broken down by ______. At Contraction, the breakdown Products ______ and _____ (P) stay attached to the ______ ______.

A

Head, cocked. Points, M. Spring, Mouse Trap, ATP, ATPase, ADP Phosphate, Myosin Head.

95
Q

Contracted Sacromere pt1: As Ca2+ remain _____ and _____ reserves are present. _____ will remain elevated as long as _____ _____ pass down the ________ and stimulate the Terminal _______.

A

Elevated, ATP, Ca2+, Action Potential, T Tubules, Cisternae.

96
Q

Contrated Sacromere pt2: Once stimulus is gone, Ca2+ is pulled from ______ and stored with in the _______. Troponin shifts ______ Swinging ______ over the Active ____ and prevents further ____ _____

A

Cytosol, Cisternae, direction, Tropomyosin, Sites, Cross Bridging.

97
Q

To Produce Movement: _____ must overcome ______

A

tension, resistance

98
Q

Muscle shotens at same rate because: _______ contract together

A

Sacromeres

99
Q

Sacromere Speed of Shortening, depends on ______ _____, the number of _______ Strokes per _______

A

cycle rate, Power, Second

100
Q

Contraction Duration depends on 1 Duration of ______ stimulus, 2) Presence of _________ in ______. 3) Availability of _______

A

Neural, Ca2+, Cytosol, ATP

101
Q

Contraction Ends as ______ detaches from _____. Troponin returns to ______ position. Active Sites are ______ by ________ contraction ends

A

Ca2+ Troponin, original, recovered Tropomyosin

102
Q

rigor Mortis - fixed contraction after ______. Results in _____ running out. _______ (Ca2+) builds up in the Cytosol.

A

death, ATP, Calcium Ions

103
Q

Contraction1: ACh is ______ at the ________ Junction, bind _____ to receptors on the ________

A

released, Neuromuscular, ACh, Sarcolemma

104
Q

Contraction2: Action _____ spreads along the ______ surface of the ______ along the T ______

A

Potential, membrane, muscle fibers, T Tubules

105
Q

Contraction3:The ________ Reticulum releases stored ______

A

Sarcoplasmic, Calcium Ions

106
Q

Contraction4: Active ____ are exposed, CA2+ binds to _____, exposing _______ on ____ filaments, Cross-Bridging when _____ Heads ____ to those _____ _____

A

sites, toponin, active sites, thin, Myosin bind, Active Sites

107
Q

Duration of _____ depends on 1) Duration of ______ stimulus, 2) Presence of free ______ (Ca2+) in _______, 3) Availibity of ______

A

Neural, Calcium Ions Cytosol, ATP

108
Q

As Ca2+ is pumped back into AR, ______ concentration falls, _____ detaches from ____, ______ returns to ______ position, Active ____ are _______ by Tropomyosin and ______ ends

A

Ca2+, Ca2+ Troponin, Troponin Original, Sites recovered, contraction

109
Q

The number of ________ Sacromeres in _____ fiber is _____, A ____ fiber is either producing _____ or is _______.

A

Contracting, muscle, fixed, muscle, tension or is Relaxed

110
Q

Amount of _____ produced depends on 1) Number of _______ strokes, 2) fiber’s resting ______ at time of _______, 3) Frequency of ________

A

Tension, Power, length contraction, stimulation.

111
Q

Lenght Tension Relationship, Tension by ____ depends on ____ of _______, Amount of tension depends on _______ strokes by ____ _____, Amount of overlap between ______ and ____ filaments.

A

muscle fiber, lenght sacromeres, power by cross bridges, Thick and Thin

112
Q

Single Neural Stimulation is a _____

A

Twitch

113
Q

A twitch will last _____ msec

A

7-100

114
Q

Sustained muscular Contractions require many ____ _____,

A

repeated stimuli

115
Q

Myogram is a ___ showing ______ develpment in ______ fibers

A

graph, tension, muscle

116
Q

Treppe is a ______ increase in Tension, Caused by ______ ____ after relaxation ____, Stimulus Frequency <50/second, series of _____ of increasing ______, Typically in ____ muscle

A

step, repeated stimulation phase, contractions tension, Cardiac

117
Q

Tetanus , Imcomplete Tetanus muscle produces _____ _____ Tension, caused by ____ cycle of ___ and _____

A

Near Maximum, rapid tension and relaxation

118
Q

Tetanus, Complete Tetanus,, _____ stimulation freq, eleminates ______ phase, Muscles in _________ contraction, All potential _______ _____ form

A

Higher, relaxation, constant, Cross-Bridges

119
Q
A

Anatomy and Physiology (19 decks)

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