Chapter 10: Muscles Flashcards
Skeletal Muscles are _____ and moves the body by ______ on the bones.
Voluntary and Contracting or Pulling on the bones
Cardiac Muscles are _______, the shape is ________ , have lots of _______ to produce _______
Involuntary, striated, mitochondria, ATP
Smooth Muscle is ______, is found in the hollow organs like the ______ and _______, are triggered by _______
Involuntary, digestive system and blood vessels, hormones and nerves.
Muscle Tissue is specialized for ___________.
contaction
Cardiac and Smooth mucles control the _______ inside the body
movement
Excitability is ________ to stimuli
responsiveness
Excitable Membranes are found in _______ and _______
muscle fibers and neurons
Depolarization and Repolarization produce _________ potentials
action
Motor neurons make skeletal muscles ________
Contract
Functions of Skeletal Muscles are _________ movement, _______ posture, _______ soft tissue, guard _______ entrences, maintain body _____ and stores _______
produce, maintain, support, body, temp and neutrients
Skeletal Muscles contain _______ tissue, ________ tissue, _______ vessels and Nerves
muscle, connective, blood and nerves
Epimysium is ______ fibers that ______ muscle
collagen, surrounds
Epimysium _______ to deep ______
connected, fascia
Epimysium seperates _______ from the surrounding tissue
muscle
Perimysium surronds the muscle ______ bundles called (Fascicles)
fiber
Perimysium contains _____ fibers, _____ fibers, _____ vessels and ______
collagen, elastic, blood, nerves
Endomysium contains: _____ vessels, Myosatellite (_____ Cells) which repair damage to _____ fibers and Nerve _____
capillary, Stem, Muscle, fibers
Endomysium surrounds the individual muscles ______
cells
Excitability - Change in polarity is _______ ______
action potential
Collagen fibers of the Epimysium, Perimysium and Endomysium come together at the ends of _____ to form ______ (Bundles) or a _______ ( Tendenous Sheet)
muscle, tendons (Bundles) or aponeurosis (Sheet)
Tendons ( Bundles) and Aponeurosis (Sheets) are to attach ______ ______to bone.
skeletal muscles
Skeletal Muscles have extensive _____ networks, that deliver _____ and _____. Removes metabolic _____
vascular, oxygen and neutrients, waste,
Skeletal muscles only contract when directed by the ______ system
nervous
The Diaphragm contracts generally ____________
subconciously
Mytoblasts - Long Cylindrical ______
Cells
Skeletal Muscle Fiber has ____ Nuclei, are ____ than other cells
100’s, larger
Skeletal Muscle is _______ muscle
Striated
Myoblasts are fusion of _______ cells
embryonic
Myoblast fusion creates _______
muscle fiber
Myosatellite cells are on the edge of the , Myosatellite Cells are ____ cells that _____ damage
Endomysium, Stem, Repair
Mature _______ fiber (cell) can be up to 30cm long
muscle
Muscle Fiber is made of ______ outer layer, have multi ______, Mitochondria to produce _____, and myofibrils
Sarcolemma, Nuclei, ATP
The Sarcolemma (Muscle Cell Membrane) surrounds the _______, which is the cytoplasm of _____ fiber (cell)
sarcoplasm, muscle
Sudden change in membrane potential (diff between pos and neg Calcium Ions) initiates a ________
contraction
Transverse Tubules (T Tubules) Extend from the surface of _____ fiber deep into the sarcoplasm
muscle
Transverse Tubules transmit _____ ______ from the sarcolemma to the ____ interior
action potentials, cell
Action Potentials trigger _______
contraction
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (same as Endoplasmic Reticulum in other cells) has a ______ that surrounds the _______
tubular network, myofibrils
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum is simular to ________ _____ Reticulum
Smooth Endoplasmic
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum forms chambers called _______ Cisternae attach to _______, Two Terminal Cisternae and a _______ from a ______
Termial, T Tubule, Triad
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum is specialized to storage and release of ______. Ions are transported from ______ to the Cisternae
Calcium Ions, Cytosol
Myofibrils - lengthwise subdivisions within ________ fiber
muscle
Myofibrils are responsible for Muscle ____
contraction
Myofibrils are bundles of ______ filaments called _______
protein, myofilaments
Two Types of Myofilaments: ________ and _______
Thin and Thick Filaments
Thin Myofilaments are composed of _______
Actin
Thick Myofilaments are composed of _______
Myosin
Actin and Myosin will ______
Overlap
Thin Filament is composed of _____, Nebulin, ________, Troponin ______
F-Actin, Nebulin, Tropomyosin and Troponin Protein
Filamentous Actin (F-Actin) is a Twisted ________ of two rows of Globular ______ molecules
strands, G-Actin
Active Sites, _______ bind to _______
G-Actin, Myosin
Nebulin holds ________ strand together
F-Actin
Tropomyosin Covers Sites on _______ and Prevents ______ _____ interaction
G-Actin, Actin Mysoin
Troponin - is a Globular ______, Binds _________, _______ and Ca2 (______)
Protein, Tropomyosin, G-Actin and Ca2 (Calcium Ion)
The F-Actin Strand is composed of ______ molecules, _______, Nebulin and ______
G-Action, Topomyosin, Troponin
Myofibril is Sacromere with _____ band, ______ line in the middle, _____ line on the ends
H, M, Z
Sacromeres are the _____ _____of ______ Fiber
Smallest unit of muscle
Sacromeres: Interact between Filaments to produce _______
Contraction
Sacromere arangement of filaments, accounts for ______ of _______
striation , Myofibrils
M Line is the center of the _____ band (Dark bands), ______ stablize _____ filaments
A, proteins, thick
The ____ band is on either side of the _____ Line,Has _____ filaments
H, M, thick
Sacromeres Zone of Overlap, _______ region, where _____ and _____ Filaments overlap
dark, thick, thin
The I Band (Light Bands) contains ______ Filaments, ____ lines mark the boundries between ______
thin, Z, sacromeres
Titin is ______ Protein, Extends from _____Filaments to ___ Line, Keeps _____ in alignment, restores _____ sacromere length.
Elastic, thick, Z, filaments, resting
Thick _______ contain _____ _____ molecules
filaments 300 myosin
Myosin Structure, each contain a ____, that binds to other myosin molecules. The _____ is made of 2 ______ protein subunits. Projects towards nearest ______ filament. The _____ of Titin _____ after stretching
Tail, Head, Globular. Thin. Core, Recoils
Sliding Filament Theory: During Contaction, the ____ & ____ bands Narrow. Overlap zones ____, ____ Lines move closer together., The A _____ width stays _______, Filaments ____ slide towards center of the _______
H & I, Widen, Z, line consitent, must Sacromere
Excitable Membranes in muscle: Polarize and Depolarize Produce ____ _____
Action Potential
Motor _____ stimulate muscle _____
Neurons, contraction
Neuromuscular Junction (NMJ): Synaspe between a _____ and Skeletal _________ fiber
neuron, muscle
At the Axon, the neurotransmitter (ACh) is _______ into the synaptic ____
released, cleft
ACh binds to and ____ a chemically gated ______ (Na+) Channel on the ______ fiber
opens, sodium, muscle
Synaptic Clef is a ______ space that seperates the ______ terminal of the ______. from the opposing ______ end plate
narrow, axon, Neuron, motor
ACh is released when ______impulse, (or action potential) at the ______ terminal
electrical, axon
______ potential is a sudden change in ______ potential and travels along the _______
Action, membrane, axon
When ____ potential reaches the ______, it triggers ______ of the ACh (Neurotransmitter) into the ______ Cleft
Action, axon, Exocytosis, Synaptic
Exocytosis is when vesicles ____ with the _____ plasma _____
fuse, neuron’s, membrane
ACh diffuse across _____ Cleft, binding opens membrane surface of the _____ end plate. Extracellular Fluid contains _____ concentration of ____ outside of ____. Low internal concetration causes the _____ rush inside the ____
Synaptic, motor, high, sodium, Cell, Sodium Cytosol
The _____ rush of ____ causes _____ _____,
sudden, sodium ions, action potential
Action Potential travels down _____ to the _____
T Tubule, Triad
Troponin-Topomysoin changes activate sites on _____ filaments. _______ cycle begins
thin , contraction
Contraction Coupling 1: Nerual Control: Muscle fiber contracts when stimulated at the _________ (NMJ). Stimulus arrives as a _______ _______
Neuralmuscular Junction, Action Potential
Contraction Coupling2: Excitation: Action Potential causes release of _____ into the _______ Cleft. Leads to Action Potential in the _______
ACh, Sympatic, Sarcolemma
Contraction Coupling 3: Release of Calcium Ions: Action ______ travels down along the ____ and down _______ to the ______
Potential, Sarcolemma, T Tubules, Triad.
Contraction Coupling 4: Contraction Cycle Begins: Cycle begins when Ca2+ ______ to _______ on the active sites of the ______ Filament. Allows Cross Bridging and will continue as long as _____ available.
binds, toponin, Thin, ATP
Contraction Coupling 5: Sacromere Shortening: ______ and ______ Filiments ________. The ______ shortens, _______ the ends of _________ fiber closer together
Thick Thin, Interact, Sacromere, pulling, muscle
Contraction Coupling 6: Generation of Muscle Tension: Muscles shorten at each end, causeing ________ or ________..
pull or tension
Contraction Cycle: Cycle _____, Active Site _______, Cross Bridging (_______ binds to ______), Myosin Head ______ (Power stroke), Cross Bridge ________, ______ Reactivation
begins, Exsposure, Myosin Actin, pivots, deactivation, Myosin
Contraction Cycle Begins with the arrival of ______ (Ca2+) within the Zone of ______ in the ________
Calcium Ions, Overlap, Sacromeres
Active Site Exposure: Ca2+ binds to troponin, weakening the bond between _____ and the _______ - _______ complex. Then the Troponin __________ position, rolling the ______ molecule away from active sites, allowing interaction with the energized ________ Heads
Actin, Toponin-Topomyosin, changes , Topomysoin, Myosin
Cross-Bridge, Active Sites are ______, Energized _______ Heads ______ to them, forming _______-________
Exposed, Myosin Bind, Cross-Bridges
Myosin Head Pivoting: After ______-______ formation, Energy is _______ as ______ Heads ______ towards the M ______. This is called a _____ _____ Stroke. Bound ADP and Phosphate (P) is ________
Cross-Bridge, released Myosin Pivots, Line. Power. Released
Cross-Bridge Detachment: When _____ bind to Myosin ______. The link between ______ Head and ______ Site on the ______ molecule is ______. Active ____ is now _____ and open to form another ______ - ________
ATP, Head, Myosin, Active, Actin, broken. Site Exsposed, Cross Bridge
Myosin Reactivation: Occurs when ______ Head, Splits _____ into ______ and P. Energy _______ is used to ______ the _______ _______
Myosin, ATP ADP, released, Recock, Myosin Head
Resting Sacromere: Myosin ____ is already _____, for contraction. Each Myosin Head _____ away from the ____ line. Myosin Head Cocked like a ____ in a _____ _____. Cocking requires ____ to be broken down by ______. At Contraction, the breakdown Products ______ and _____ (P) stay attached to the ______ ______.
Head, cocked. Points, M. Spring, Mouse Trap, ATP, ATPase, ADP Phosphate, Myosin Head.
Contracted Sacromere pt1: As Ca2+ remain _____ and _____ reserves are present. _____ will remain elevated as long as _____ _____ pass down the ________ and stimulate the Terminal _______.
Elevated, ATP, Ca2+, Action Potential, T Tubules, Cisternae.
Contrated Sacromere pt2: Once stimulus is gone, Ca2+ is pulled from ______ and stored with in the _______. Troponin shifts ______ Swinging ______ over the Active ____ and prevents further ____ _____
Cytosol, Cisternae, direction, Tropomyosin, Sites, Cross Bridging.
To Produce Movement: _____ must overcome ______
tension, resistance
Muscle shotens at same rate because: _______ contract together
Sacromeres
Sacromere Speed of Shortening, depends on ______ _____, the number of _______ Strokes per _______
cycle rate, Power, Second
Contraction Duration depends on 1 Duration of ______ stimulus, 2) Presence of _________ in ______. 3) Availability of _______
Neural, Ca2+, Cytosol, ATP
Contraction Ends as ______ detaches from _____. Troponin returns to ______ position. Active Sites are ______ by ________ contraction ends
Ca2+ Troponin, original, recovered Tropomyosin
rigor Mortis - fixed contraction after ______. Results in _____ running out. _______ (Ca2+) builds up in the Cytosol.
death, ATP, Calcium Ions
Contraction1: ACh is ______ at the ________ Junction, bind _____ to receptors on the ________
released, Neuromuscular, ACh, Sarcolemma
Contraction2: Action _____ spreads along the ______ surface of the ______ along the T ______
Potential, membrane, muscle fibers, T Tubules
Contraction3:The ________ Reticulum releases stored ______
Sarcoplasmic, Calcium Ions
Contraction4: Active ____ are exposed, CA2+ binds to _____, exposing _______ on ____ filaments, Cross-Bridging when _____ Heads ____ to those _____ _____
sites, toponin, active sites, thin, Myosin bind, Active Sites
Duration of _____ depends on 1) Duration of ______ stimulus, 2) Presence of free ______ (Ca2+) in _______, 3) Availibity of ______
Neural, Calcium Ions Cytosol, ATP
As Ca2+ is pumped back into AR, ______ concentration falls, _____ detaches from ____, ______ returns to ______ position, Active ____ are _______ by Tropomyosin and ______ ends
Ca2+, Ca2+ Troponin, Troponin Original, Sites recovered, contraction
The number of ________ Sacromeres in _____ fiber is _____, A ____ fiber is either producing _____ or is _______.
Contracting, muscle, fixed, muscle, tension or is Relaxed
Amount of _____ produced depends on 1) Number of _______ strokes, 2) fiber’s resting ______ at time of _______, 3) Frequency of ________
Tension, Power, length contraction, stimulation.
Lenght Tension Relationship, Tension by ____ depends on ____ of _______, Amount of tension depends on _______ strokes by ____ _____, Amount of overlap between ______ and ____ filaments.
muscle fiber, lenght sacromeres, power by cross bridges, Thick and Thin
Single Neural Stimulation is a _____
Twitch
A twitch will last _____ msec
7-100
Sustained muscular Contractions require many ____ _____,
repeated stimuli
Myogram is a ___ showing ______ develpment in ______ fibers
graph, tension, muscle
Treppe is a ______ increase in Tension, Caused by ______ ____ after relaxation ____, Stimulus Frequency <50/second, series of _____ of increasing ______, Typically in ____ muscle
step, repeated stimulation phase, contractions tension, Cardiac
Tetanus , Imcomplete Tetanus muscle produces _____ _____ Tension, caused by ____ cycle of ___ and _____
Near Maximum, rapid tension and relaxation
Tetanus, Complete Tetanus,, _____ stimulation freq, eleminates ______ phase, Muscles in _________ contraction, All potential _______ _____ form
Higher, relaxation, constant, Cross-Bridges
