Chapter 3 Cellular Level of Organization Flashcards
Cytology _____ the study of cellular structure and function
is
Two types of cells: Sex cells ______ Somatic cells
and
Sex cells are sperm ____ oocytes
and
Somatic cells _____ all other cells
are
Cells Smallest Unit __ Life, lowest portion of life
of
Cells performs Vital Physiological functions of
life
Plasma Membrane, First level of cell, seps cell from environment
from
Nonmembranous Organelles _____ not completely enclosed
are
Cytoskeleton - Skeleton of the cell
and
Microvilli - Increase ___ surface area of the plasma membrane
the
Cilia Long extentions of Plasma Membrane, moves material across cell surface
by
Membrane Proteins, Integral (not easily separated)
are
Recognition Proteins Label cells as Normal ___ Abnormal
or
Peripheral Proteins attach Plasma membranes to outside structures
are
Receptor Proteins Bind and respond to Ion. Ligands (Hormones)
is
Golgi Apparatus creates secretory vesicles ____ new membrane components
and
Glycoclyx, “sugar Coat”, Lubes ____ protects
and
Carrier Proteins Binds Solutes + Trans across the plasma membrane
that
Glycocalyx binding, anchoring, movement, recognition
is
Mitochondria ____ responsible for ATP production through aerobic metabolism
is
The Nucleus ____ the control center of the cell
is
Nucleus ____ surrounded by the nuclear evelope
is
Nucleus contains ____ supportive matrix
a
Nucleus controls ___ synthesis of specific proteins
the
Cellular information ____ stored in chromosomes
is
Chromosomes consist ___ DNA bound to Histones
of
Histones ____ non dividing cells
are
Genetic Code ____ called “triplet code”
is
a Gene contains ____ the DNA triplets needed to produce a peptide chain
all
DNA controls Protein Synthesis, cell structure ____ cell function
and
Gene Activation, RNA Polymerase bind __ a gene
to
Transcription is RNA produced from ___ DNA template
a
Translation ___ a functional polypeptide
is
Diffusion ___ a passive transport of solutes through memebrane
is
Diffusion is the movement of a substance ____ a higher concentration to a lower concentration
from
Osmosis ____ net flow of water across permeable membrane
is
Isotonic solution does _____ cause water to flow
not
Hypotonic solution will cause water to flow ____ a cell
into
Facilitated Diffusion ___ compounds transported across a membrane after binding
is
Active Transport consume ATP’s ____ are not dependent on concentration gradients
and
Potential Difference ____ measured in volts between two sides of a membrane
is
Membrane Potential ___ the measured volts of energy
is
resting Membrane Potential _____ undisturbed resting cell
is a
Cell Division ___ reproduction of cells
is
Apoptosis ____ the genetically controlled death of a cell
is
Mitosis is ____ nuclear division of somatic cells
the
Cyclokinesis _____ the division into two daughter cells
is
The longer the life expectancy of a cell, the slower ___ replication
the
Cell life cycle is determined by hormones ____ growth factors
and
A Tumor can be benign ___ malignant
or
Malignant cell may spread _____ invasion (locally)
by
Metastasis is the spread ____ malignant cells to distant areas of the body
of
Metastasis ____ cancer
is
somatic cell nuclei have 23 _____ of chromosomes
pairs
Phsphorylation, synthesises fatty acids ___ lipids
and
Cholesterol maintains viscosity of cell _____
fluid
Cytoplasm - All materials inside ___ cell
the
Cytosol ____ intracellular fluid
is
Organelles - ____ no membrane, Perform specific functions
have
Organelles - Nonmembranous ___ Cytoskeleton, Centrioles, Ribosomes, Protosomes, Microvilli, Cilia, Flagella
are
Organelle - Membranous - Enclosed - Endoplasmic Reticulum, Golgi Apparatus, Lysosomes, Mitdochondria
some
Inclusions - ____ masses of insoluble materials, Glycogen and Lipids
are
Non Membraneous Inclusions _ Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
are
Membraneous Inclusion - Nucleus
is
Extracellular Fluid is Transport Only
is
Microfilament - Filaments Protein _ ACTIN
is
Microtubules - Anchor Organelles, strengthen cells, has hollow tubes
has
Microtubules _ Help with Cellular division
help
Filliments and Microtubules determine cell shape ___ function
and
intermediate filliments - Cytoskeleton - strength, stabilize organelles, ___ stabilizes cell position
and
Microtubules - Tubulin Protein - Globular Protein ___ Blood
is
Microtubules - Motor Proteins Create Movement in
muscles
Microtubules help with Cell Division
Cell Division
Microvilli is attached to the cytoskeleton
is
Centrioles - Spindle apparatus during cell division
cell division
Centrosomes - next to nucleus
next to nucleus
Ribosomes synth Proteins, are organelles, determines __ cells are produced
how
Free Ribosomes float in Cytoplasm, makes protein
and
Fixed Ribosomes ___ attached to the Endoplasmic Reticulum
are
Protosomes - Organelles that contain enzymes
that
Centrioles contain 9 microtubule triplets
9 triplets
Membranous Organelles - ____ Endoplasmic Reticulum, Golgi Apparatus, Lysosomes, Peroxisomes, Mitochondria
contain
Membranous Organelles, Synth proteins, Carbs ___ Lipids
and
The ER synthesizes molecules ___ materials
or
The ER transports within the ER
Endoplasmic Reticulum
ET will absorb drugs ___ toxins
or
two ER’s - Rough ER ___ Smooth ER
and
Smooth ER has no attached Ribosomes ____ Phospholipids
and
Smooth ER, Glycerides stored in Liver Fat Cells ___ Muscle
and
Rough ER ___ surface is covered with Ribosomes
is
Ribosomes fold protein, synth proteins carbs and lipids
-
Golgi Apparatus - Transport Vessicle ___ modifies new protein
and
Golgi Apparatus trans out through secretory vessicles
-
DNA transcribed to mRNA, sent to the tRNA (transfer) reads the mRNA and transfers to Protein
-
Amino Acids - To peptide bond
-
Autolysis - Breaks down membranes - digestive enzymes
-
Lysosomes - packaged and produced by the Golgi Apparatus
-
Peroxisomes - generate hydroperoxide
-
Autolysis - Lysosomes removes damaged organelles
-
Autolysis - Lysosomes destroys bacteria
-
Peroxisomes - breaks down enzyme into water and oxygen
-
Cilia Movement - Aerorobic with O2, Anarobic without O2
-
Mitochondria - organelles produce energy
-
ATP synth 32 ATP’S
-
ATP Produced in Mitochondria _ use two ATP’s
-
Mitochondria produce energy
-
Golgi Apparatus adds or removes Carbs from proteins
-
Golgi Apparatus renews or modifies Plasma Membrane
-
Citric Acid breaks down Pyuvate - Electron transport chain
-
Glycolysis - glucose enters cell - produce high energy electron acceptors - NADH
-
Nucleus - Largest Organelle, contains DNA ___ rRNA
and
Nuclear Envelope - DBL membranes around Nucleus
-
DBL Membrane attached to the ER
-
Nucleus contains DNA, RNA, Enzymes __ Proteins
and
Gene - DNA instructions for on protein
-
Genes can be turned on ___ off
or
Genes produce specific proteins
-
Activate a Gene, uncoil DNA
-
Nucleus - Chromatin ___ Chromosomes
-
Chromatids - pairs - copies of each other
-
Kinetochore _ in one cell in another
-
Genes - Tendencies ____ Eyigenetics Environment
is
Genetic Code, Chem lang of DNA
-
Takes 3 pairs to create a amino acid
-
mRNA - Codons, messenger- binds nucleotides
-
DNA Polynease - Binding info to synth protein
-
From Nucleus - DNA to mRNA, mRNA to tRNA
-
mRNA to tRNA produces long chain of amino acids, Primary Structure
-
secondary structure - non functional
-
tiratry structure - First level of structure, functional, shape
-
Gene Sequence - Intron
-
Gene Coding Segment - Axion
-
Template Strand , Coding Strand, mRNA (Codon), tRNA (AntiCodon), Amino Acid
-
Genetic Code - Sequence of bases, Triplet Code, 3 bases to make one amino acid
-
Human Gnode 46 chromosomes
46
RNA processing - Introns + Exons
-
One Gene Sequence - 11 proteins can be made
-
mRNA (codon) binds to tRNA (anticodon)
-
tRNA - Provides one amino acid
-
tRNA tail binds to Codon amino acids to build proteins
-
two strands of DNA
-
mRNA to tRNA - translation, transcription, protein synthesis
-
Protein Synthesis - Assemble Polypeptides in Cytoplasm
-
DNA Controls Synthesis, specific proteins, changes Gene Activation
-
Gene Activation (test q) uncoiling a segment of DNA, Removing the Histones, to allow the uncoiling
-
DNA codes off Template
-
Translation - mRNA - linear chain of amino acids or protein, mRNA binds to tRNA
-
Diffusion + Osmosis - passive trasport
-
Diffusion and Osmosis based on Permeability
-
Nothing passes a impermeable membrane
-
Selective Permeability - depends on size and charge of trying to pass through
-
Diffusion - movement from Higher Concentration to a lower one
-
Concentration Gradient - The Difference between high and low concentrations of substance
-
Factors that influence Diffusion and Osmosis - Distance particle has to move, size (smaller faster diffusion), heat (more is faster), Concentration Gradient, Electrical attraction (opposites attract)
-
Plasma membrane not neg charge
-
Diffusion across Plasma Membrane, Simple diffusion - Lipid Soluble compounds _ alcohols, fatty acids, steroids
-
Diffusion across Plasma Membrane - Simple diffusion - dissolved gasses, 02 and C02
-
Channel Mediated Diffusion - Affected by size and charge and Interaction
-
Osmosis - diffusion of water across selective permeable membranes
-
Osmosis, water molecules diffuse across membrane towards solution with more solutes
-
Osmotic Pressure - force pure water moves into a solute, as a result of solute concetration
-
Hydrostatic Pressure - pressure needed to block osmosis
-
Hydrostatic Pressure - equilibrium on either side of Plasma membrane
-
Osmolarity - total solute concentration in a solution
-
Tonicity - How solution affects cells
-
Isotonic - No real pressure, stays the same shape and size
-
Hypotonic - lower solute concetration, gains water, may rupture (hemolysis)
-
Hypertonic - Higher solute concentration, Loses water and shrinks
-
Carrier Mediated Transport - proteins transport ions and organic substrates across plasma membrane
-
Carrier Mediated Transp - Specificity - One protein, one set of substrates
-
Carrier Mediated Transp - Saturation Limits - rate depends on protein and substrates availability
-
Carrier Mediated Transp - Regulation - Cofactors - Hormones affect carriers activity
-
Facilitated Diffusion - Passive - Carrier Proteins trans molecules too big to fit through channel, ie glucose + amino acids
-
Facilitated Diffusion - molecule binds to receptor site on carrier protein, Protein changes shape, molecule passes through. Receptor is specific to certain molecules
-
Primary Active Transport - Pumping solutes against concentration using ATP
-
Primary Active Trans - Sodium Potassium Pump - ATP powers movement of 3 sodium Ions out, 2 postassium IONs in
-
Secondary Active Trans - ATP is required to establish Concentration Gradient of one substance - passively trans another
-
Endocytosis - trans of extracellular materials packaged within Vesicles. Requires ATP
-
Endocytosis - Receptor Mediated - Receptors bind target molecules ( Ligands)
-
Pinocytosis - Endosomes “drink” extracellular fluid
-
Membrane Potential - separation of charge across membrane
-
Membrane Potential Difference is created - Pos + Neg charges separate
-
Membrane Potential - unequal charge across membrane
-
Resting Membrane Potential depends on cell type
-
Cell Division - Cell divides into two daughter cells
-
Apoptosis - End of cells life span
=
Interphase - nondividing somatic cells spend their lives
-
G1 Phase - Norman cell functions 8-12 hours
-
S phase, G2 Phase, Cell Division
-
Mitosis - duplication of somatic cells - 2 daughter cells - 46 chromosomes each
-
Test - Metaphase aligned chromatids in a plane
-
Stem Cells - Squamous Epithelium
-
Cell Division - longer the life - slower the rate
-
Cell Division - Stimulated internal (MPhase), Extracellular Chem factors ( growth factors), can be inhibited by terminal DNA (telomeres)
-
DNA Polymerase - from gene
-
RNA synth from the DNA template
-
Tumor - Abnormal Cell Growth - Beign (don’t spread), Malignant (spreads to surrounding cells)
-
Cancer - becomes malignant, mutation occurs with cell growth, Onocogenes (cancer causing)
-
Onocogenes - agents that cause mutation
-
Carcinogens - Mutagens - Cancer Causing Agents _ Cancer spreads in blood
-
Cellular Differentiation - turning off genes not needed by that cell, allows formation of specific types of cells ie liver etc etc
-
