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Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 3 Cellular Level of Organization > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Cellular Level of Organization Flashcards

1
Q

Cytology _____ the study of cellular structure and function

A

is

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2
Q

Two types of cells: Sex cells ______ Somatic cells

A

and

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3
Q

Sex cells are sperm ____ oocytes

A

and

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4
Q

Somatic cells _____ all other cells

A

are

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5
Q

Cells Smallest Unit __ Life, lowest portion of life

A

of

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6
Q

Cells performs Vital Physiological functions of

A

life

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7
Q

Plasma Membrane, First level of cell, seps cell from environment

A

from

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8
Q

Nonmembranous Organelles _____ not completely enclosed

A

are

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9
Q

Cytoskeleton - Skeleton of the cell

A

and

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10
Q

Microvilli - Increase ___ surface area of the plasma membrane

A

the

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10
Q

Cilia Long extentions of Plasma Membrane, moves material across cell surface

A

by

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11
Q

Membrane Proteins, Integral (not easily separated)

A

are

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12
Q

Recognition Proteins Label cells as Normal ___ Abnormal

A

or

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13
Q

Peripheral Proteins attach Plasma membranes to outside structures

A

are

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14
Q

Receptor Proteins Bind and respond to Ion. Ligands (Hormones)

A

is

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15
Q

Golgi Apparatus creates secretory vesicles ____ new membrane components

A

and

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16
Q

Glycoclyx, “sugar Coat”, Lubes ____ protects

A

and

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17
Q

Carrier Proteins Binds Solutes + Trans across the plasma membrane

A

that

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18
Q

Glycocalyx binding, anchoring, movement, recognition

A

is

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19
Q

Mitochondria ____ responsible for ATP production through aerobic metabolism

A

is

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20
Q

The Nucleus ____ the control center of the cell

A

is

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21
Q

Nucleus ____ surrounded by the nuclear evelope

A

is

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22
Q

Nucleus contains ____ supportive matrix

A

a

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23
Q

Nucleus controls ___ synthesis of specific proteins

A

the

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24
Q

Cellular information ____ stored in chromosomes

A

is

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25
Q

Chromosomes consist ___ DNA bound to Histones

A

of

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26
Q

Histones ____ non dividing cells

A

are

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27
Q

Genetic Code ____ called “triplet code”

A

is

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28
Q

a Gene contains ____ the DNA triplets needed to produce a peptide chain

A

all

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29
Q

DNA controls Protein Synthesis, cell structure ____ cell function

A

and

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30
Q

Gene Activation, RNA Polymerase bind __ a gene

A

to

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31
Q

Transcription is RNA produced from ___ DNA template

A

a

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32
Q

Translation ___ a functional polypeptide

A

is

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33
Q

Diffusion ___ a passive transport of solutes through memebrane

A

is

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34
Q

Diffusion is the movement of a substance ____ a higher concentration to a lower concentration

A

from

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35
Q

Osmosis ____ net flow of water across permeable membrane

A

is

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36
Q

Isotonic solution does _____ cause water to flow

A

not

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37
Q

Hypotonic solution will cause water to flow ____ a cell

A

into

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38
Q

Facilitated Diffusion ___ compounds transported across a membrane after binding

A

is

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39
Q

Active Transport consume ATP’s ____ are not dependent on concentration gradients

A

and

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40
Q

Potential Difference ____ measured in volts between two sides of a membrane

A

is

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41
Q

Membrane Potential ___ the measured volts of energy

A

is

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42
Q

resting Membrane Potential _____ undisturbed resting cell

A

is a

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43
Q

Cell Division ___ reproduction of cells

A

is

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44
Q

Apoptosis ____ the genetically controlled death of a cell

A

is

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45
Q

Mitosis is ____ nuclear division of somatic cells

A

the

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46
Q

Cyclokinesis _____ the division into two daughter cells

A

is

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47
Q

The longer the life expectancy of a cell, the slower ___ replication

A

the

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48
Q

Cell life cycle is determined by hormones ____ growth factors

A

and

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49
Q

A Tumor can be benign ___ malignant

A

or

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50
Q

Malignant cell may spread _____ invasion (locally)

A

by

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51
Q

Metastasis is the spread ____ malignant cells to distant areas of the body

A

of

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52
Q

Metastasis ____ cancer

A

is

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53
Q

somatic cell nuclei have 23 _____ of chromosomes

A

pairs

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54
Q

Phsphorylation, synthesises fatty acids ___ lipids

A

and

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55
Q

Cholesterol maintains viscosity of cell _____

A

fluid

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56
Q

Cytoplasm - All materials inside ___ cell

A

the

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57
Q

Cytosol ____ intracellular fluid

A

is

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58
Q

Organelles - ____ no membrane, Perform specific functions

A

have

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59
Q

Organelles - Nonmembranous ___ Cytoskeleton, Centrioles, Ribosomes, Protosomes, Microvilli, Cilia, Flagella

A

are

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60
Q

Organelle - Membranous - Enclosed - Endoplasmic Reticulum, Golgi Apparatus, Lysosomes, Mitdochondria

A

some

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61
Q

Inclusions - ____ masses of insoluble materials, Glycogen and Lipids

A

are

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62
Q

Non Membraneous Inclusions _ Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

A

are

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63
Q

Membraneous Inclusion - Nucleus

A

is

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64
Q

Extracellular Fluid is Transport Only

A

is

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65
Q

Microfilament - Filaments Protein _ ACTIN

A

is

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66
Q

Microtubules - Anchor Organelles, strengthen cells, has hollow tubes

A

has

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67
Q

Microtubules _ Help with Cellular division

A

help

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68
Q

Filliments and Microtubules determine cell shape ___ function

A

and

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69
Q

intermediate filliments - Cytoskeleton - strength, stabilize organelles, ___ stabilizes cell position

A

and

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70
Q

Microtubules - Tubulin Protein - Globular Protein ___ Blood

A

is

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71
Q

Microtubules - Motor Proteins Create Movement in

A

muscles

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72
Q

Microtubules help with Cell Division

A

Cell Division

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73
Q

Microvilli is attached to the cytoskeleton

A

is

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74
Q

Centrioles - Spindle apparatus during cell division

A

cell division

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75
Q

Centrosomes - next to nucleus

A

next to nucleus

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76
Q

Ribosomes synth Proteins, are organelles, determines __ cells are produced

A

how

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77
Q

Free Ribosomes float in Cytoplasm, makes protein

A

and

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78
Q

Fixed Ribosomes ___ attached to the Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

are

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79
Q

Protosomes - Organelles that contain enzymes

A

that

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80
Q

Centrioles contain 9 microtubule triplets

A

9 triplets

81
Q

Membranous Organelles - ____ Endoplasmic Reticulum, Golgi Apparatus, Lysosomes, Peroxisomes, Mitochondria

A

contain

82
Q

Membranous Organelles, Synth proteins, Carbs ___ Lipids

A

and

83
Q

The ER synthesizes molecules ___ materials

A

or

84
Q

The ER transports within the ER

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum

85
Q

ET will absorb drugs ___ toxins

A

or

86
Q

two ER’s - Rough ER ___ Smooth ER

A

and

87
Q

Smooth ER has no attached Ribosomes ____ Phospholipids

A

and

88
Q

Smooth ER, Glycerides stored in Liver Fat Cells ___ Muscle

A

and

89
Q

Rough ER ___ surface is covered with Ribosomes

A

is

90
Q

Ribosomes fold protein, synth proteins carbs and lipids

A

-

91
Q

Golgi Apparatus - Transport Vessicle ___ modifies new protein

A

and

92
Q

Golgi Apparatus trans out through secretory vessicles

A

-

93
Q

DNA transcribed to mRNA, sent to the tRNA (transfer) reads the mRNA and transfers to Protein

A

-

94
Q

Amino Acids - To peptide bond

A

-

95
Q

Autolysis - Breaks down membranes - digestive enzymes

A

-

96
Q

Lysosomes - packaged and produced by the Golgi Apparatus

A

-

97
Q

Peroxisomes - generate hydroperoxide

A

-

98
Q

Autolysis - Lysosomes removes damaged organelles

A

-

99
Q

Autolysis - Lysosomes destroys bacteria

A

-

100
Q

Peroxisomes - breaks down enzyme into water and oxygen

A

-

101
Q

Cilia Movement - Aerorobic with O2, Anarobic without O2

A

-

102
Q

Mitochondria - organelles produce energy

A

-

103
Q

ATP synth 32 ATP’S

A

-

104
Q

ATP Produced in Mitochondria _ use two ATP’s

A

-

105
Q

Mitochondria produce energy

A

-

106
Q

Golgi Apparatus adds or removes Carbs from proteins

A

-

107
Q

Golgi Apparatus renews or modifies Plasma Membrane

A

-

108
Q

Citric Acid breaks down Pyuvate - Electron transport chain

A

-

109
Q

Glycolysis - glucose enters cell - produce high energy electron acceptors - NADH

A

-

110
Q

Nucleus - Largest Organelle, contains DNA ___ rRNA

A

and

111
Q

Nuclear Envelope - DBL membranes around Nucleus

A

-

112
Q

DBL Membrane attached to the ER

A

-

113
Q

Nucleus contains DNA, RNA, Enzymes __ Proteins

A

and

114
Q

Gene - DNA instructions for on protein

A

-

115
Q

Genes can be turned on ___ off

A

or

116
Q

Genes produce specific proteins

A

-

117
Q

Activate a Gene, uncoil DNA

A

-

118
Q

Nucleus - Chromatin ___ Chromosomes

A

-

119
Q

Chromatids - pairs - copies of each other

A

-

120
Q

Kinetochore _ in one cell in another

A

-

121
Q

Genes - Tendencies ____ Eyigenetics Environment

A

is

122
Q

Genetic Code, Chem lang of DNA

A

-

123
Q

Takes 3 pairs to create a amino acid

A

-

124
Q

mRNA - Codons, messenger- binds nucleotides

A

-

125
Q

DNA Polynease - Binding info to synth protein

A

-

126
Q

From Nucleus - DNA to mRNA, mRNA to tRNA

A

-

127
Q

mRNA to tRNA produces long chain of amino acids, Primary Structure

A

-

128
Q

secondary structure - non functional

A

-

129
Q

tiratry structure - First level of structure, functional, shape

A

-

130
Q

Gene Sequence - Intron

A

-

131
Q

Gene Coding Segment - Axion

A

-

132
Q

Template Strand , Coding Strand, mRNA (Codon), tRNA (AntiCodon), Amino Acid

A

-

133
Q

Genetic Code - Sequence of bases, Triplet Code, 3 bases to make one amino acid

A

-

134
Q

Human Gnode 46 chromosomes

A

46

135
Q

RNA processing - Introns + Exons

A

-

136
Q

One Gene Sequence - 11 proteins can be made

A

-

137
Q

mRNA (codon) binds to tRNA (anticodon)

A

-

138
Q

tRNA - Provides one amino acid

A

-

139
Q

tRNA tail binds to Codon amino acids to build proteins

A

-

140
Q

two strands of DNA

A

-

141
Q

mRNA to tRNA - translation, transcription, protein synthesis

A

-

142
Q

Protein Synthesis - Assemble Polypeptides in Cytoplasm

A

-

143
Q

DNA Controls Synthesis, specific proteins, changes Gene Activation

A

-

144
Q

Gene Activation (test q) uncoiling a segment of DNA, Removing the Histones, to allow the uncoiling

A

-

145
Q

DNA codes off Template

A

-

146
Q

Translation - mRNA - linear chain of amino acids or protein, mRNA binds to tRNA

A

-

147
Q

Diffusion + Osmosis - passive trasport

A

-

148
Q

Diffusion and Osmosis based on Permeability

A

-

149
Q

Nothing passes a impermeable membrane

A

-

150
Q

Selective Permeability - depends on size and charge of trying to pass through

A

-

151
Q

Diffusion - movement from Higher Concentration to a lower one

A

-

152
Q

Concentration Gradient - The Difference between high and low concentrations of substance

A

-

153
Q

Factors that influence Diffusion and Osmosis - Distance particle has to move, size (smaller faster diffusion), heat (more is faster), Concentration Gradient, Electrical attraction (opposites attract)

A

-

154
Q

Plasma membrane not neg charge

A

-

155
Q

Diffusion across Plasma Membrane, Simple diffusion - Lipid Soluble compounds _ alcohols, fatty acids, steroids

A

-

156
Q

Diffusion across Plasma Membrane - Simple diffusion - dissolved gasses, 02 and C02

A

-

157
Q

Channel Mediated Diffusion - Affected by size and charge and Interaction

A

-

158
Q

Osmosis - diffusion of water across selective permeable membranes

A

-

159
Q

Osmosis, water molecules diffuse across membrane towards solution with more solutes

A

-

160
Q

Osmotic Pressure - force pure water moves into a solute, as a result of solute concetration

A

-

161
Q

Hydrostatic Pressure - pressure needed to block osmosis

A

-

162
Q

Hydrostatic Pressure - equilibrium on either side of Plasma membrane

A

-

163
Q

Osmolarity - total solute concentration in a solution

A

-

164
Q

Tonicity - How solution affects cells

A

-

165
Q

Isotonic - No real pressure, stays the same shape and size

A

-

166
Q

Hypotonic - lower solute concetration, gains water, may rupture (hemolysis)

A

-

167
Q

Hypertonic - Higher solute concentration, Loses water and shrinks

A

-

168
Q

Carrier Mediated Transport - proteins transport ions and organic substrates across plasma membrane

A

-

169
Q

Carrier Mediated Transp - Specificity - One protein, one set of substrates

A

-

170
Q

Carrier Mediated Transp - Saturation Limits - rate depends on protein and substrates availability

A

-

171
Q

Carrier Mediated Transp - Regulation - Cofactors - Hormones affect carriers activity

A

-

172
Q

Facilitated Diffusion - Passive - Carrier Proteins trans molecules too big to fit through channel, ie glucose + amino acids

A

-

173
Q

Facilitated Diffusion - molecule binds to receptor site on carrier protein, Protein changes shape, molecule passes through. Receptor is specific to certain molecules

A

-

174
Q

Primary Active Transport - Pumping solutes against concentration using ATP

A

-

175
Q

Primary Active Trans - Sodium Potassium Pump - ATP powers movement of 3 sodium Ions out, 2 postassium IONs in

A

-

176
Q

Secondary Active Trans - ATP is required to establish Concentration Gradient of one substance - passively trans another

A

-

177
Q

Endocytosis - trans of extracellular materials packaged within Vesicles. Requires ATP

A

-

178
Q

Endocytosis - Receptor Mediated - Receptors bind target molecules ( Ligands)

A

-

179
Q

Pinocytosis - Endosomes “drink” extracellular fluid

A

-

180
Q

Membrane Potential - separation of charge across membrane

A

-

181
Q

Membrane Potential Difference is created - Pos + Neg charges separate

A

-

182
Q

Membrane Potential - unequal charge across membrane

A

-

183
Q

Resting Membrane Potential depends on cell type

A

-

184
Q

Cell Division - Cell divides into two daughter cells

A

-

185
Q

Apoptosis - End of cells life span

A

=

186
Q

Interphase - nondividing somatic cells spend their lives

A

-

187
Q

G1 Phase - Norman cell functions 8-12 hours

A

-

188
Q

S phase, G2 Phase, Cell Division

A

-

189
Q

Mitosis - duplication of somatic cells - 2 daughter cells - 46 chromosomes each

A

-

190
Q

Test - Metaphase aligned chromatids in a plane

A

-

191
Q

Stem Cells - Squamous Epithelium

A

-

192
Q

Cell Division - longer the life - slower the rate

A

-

193
Q

Cell Division - Stimulated internal (MPhase), Extracellular Chem factors ( growth factors), can be inhibited by terminal DNA (telomeres)

A

-

194
Q

DNA Polymerase - from gene

A

-

195
Q

RNA synth from the DNA template

A

-

196
Q

Tumor - Abnormal Cell Growth - Beign (don’t spread), Malignant (spreads to surrounding cells)

A

-

197
Q

Cancer - becomes malignant, mutation occurs with cell growth, Onocogenes (cancer causing)

A

-

198
Q

Onocogenes - agents that cause mutation

A

-

199
Q

Carcinogens - Mutagens - Cancer Causing Agents _ Cancer spreads in blood

A

-

200
Q

Cellular Differentiation - turning off genes not needed by that cell, allows formation of specific types of cells ie liver etc etc

A

-

201
Q
A

Anatomy and Physiology (11 decks)

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