Chapter 6- Attachment & Emotional Development Flashcards
Emotional Development:
What are the primary emotions? When do they appear?
8pts
- Distress, interest, disgust- birth
- Pleasure/joy (social smile) - around 3 months
- Sadness & Anger - around 4 months
- Fear- around 7- 8 months
What are the secondary emotions, specifically self conscious emotions? When does it occur?
4pts
- embarrassment, empathy, jealousy
- middle of 2nd year
What are the secondary emotions, specifically self conscious evaluative emotions? When does it occur?
4pts
- guilt, shame, pride
- Between 2nd and 3rd years
Social relationships: Attachment
What are 5 things that determine an attachment/how do we know we are attached to someone?
5pts
- Seek to be near attachment figure
- Show pleasure in company of attachment figure
- Protest when attachment figure leaves
- Express joy/relief when reunited
- Use attachment figure as “secure base” to explore
What is an attachment? What are 3 characteristics?
4pts
- Close emotional relationship between infant and caregiver through childhood and adolescence
- Selective
- Mutual affection
- Desire to maintain proximity
In the ethological approach, what are the two major observations?
2pts
Two major observations:
1. Human infants are helpless at birth
2. Humans produce few offspring
In the opinion of Konrad Lorenz, what is the “cute” appearance of infant (kewpie doll)/what are the characteristics?
4pts
- big head
- protruding forehead
- small nose
- small chin
What draws us to help babies and think they are cute? Why?
2pts
- Lorenz believed this was done for their survival, when they are cute they appear helpless and we feel the need to help them.
- These physical characteristics in a baby tend to draw us to help babies
Establishment of attachment of mother to infant.
What concept is this?
Bonding
What did Klaus and Kennel believe about bonding (3pts) ? What were the results (2pts)?
- sensitive period 6-12 hours after birth
-skin-to-skin contact during few hours after birth
-animals reject infant removed and then returned
Results after skin-to-skin contact:
-mothers more physically affectionate with babies
-effects on hospitals (babies used to be kept in separate rooms, now they are kept with the mothers)
What behaviours were recorded/were they looking to observe in the strange situation experiment?
5pts
- use of mother as base to explore
- Stranger anxiety
- Separation anxiety
- willingness to be comforted by stranger
- ** quality of greeting when mother returns: some were excited some were not excited and were upset with mother and would hit them
In a securely attached attachment style what happens when mother is in the room?
How do they react to stranger, who is the base for exploration, what do they do?
5pts
- explore actively
- play comfortably
- react positively to stranger
- use mothers as a base for exploration- go back to mom for cuddles/hang onto leg/interaction
- emotionally “in tune” with mothers (if mom is happy, baby is happy)
In a securely attached attachment style what happens when mother leaves? What happens when stranger comes?
2pts
- reduced play, signs of distress
- will not be comforted by stranger
In a securely attached attachment style what happens when mother returns ?
3pts
- active greeting
- seeks contact and interaction
- contact terminates distress, promotes return to play
In a insecure-avoidant attachment style what happens when mother is in the room?
How do they react to stranger, who is the base for exploration, what do they do
3pts
- do not use mother as base to explore- don’t go back to check in with mother
- will play with toys, do not check back with mother for emotional support
- behave similarly with mother and stranger (avoid both)
In a insecure-avoidant attachment style what happens when mother leave?
1pt
- appear not distressed by separation (although it is stressful)
In a insecure-avoidant attachment style what happens when mother returns? Do they interact? Do they want to be picked up?
4pts
- turn away, avoid contact, ignore caregiver and not interact
- if picked up, not seem to want contact, to be cuddled, etc
- avoidance even stronger at second reunion
- Detached – appear to derive little comfort from their mothers
In a insecure-resistant/anxious (ambivalent) attachment style what happens when mother is in the room?
How do they react to stranger, who is the base for exploration, what do they do, do they play?
4pts
- anxious/fussy even before separation
- distressed by unfamiliar room, wary of stranger
- don’t use mother as secure base
- cling rather than explore
In a insecure-resistant/anxious (ambivalent) attachment style what happens when mother leaves room? How do they react to stranger?
2pts
- intensely distressed by separation
- not easily calmed by the stranger
In a insecure-resistant/anxious (ambivalent) attachment style what happens when mother returns?
3pts
- difficulty settling down, may show passive reaction to contact
- ambivalent (mix proximity-seeking with proximity-avoiding)
- Drawn to their mothers, but don’t seem to trust them
What does the disorganized (<4%) attachment style entail?
2pts
- The 4th category was added in 1986
- Unpredictable and inconsistent behaviour form are givers during a child’s formative years
Causes of secure & insecure attachment
Freud & oral gratification
What did he say?
2pts
- If a child was underfed or neglected
- Look for others to fulfill their needs
Causes of secure & insecure attachment
Harlow & contact comfort
What did he say ?
2pt
- Not enough to just be able to feed baby, need to provide comfort and security aswell
- Went to see cloth mother instead of wire mother for comfort over food
Quality of Care – Ainsworth
Mothers of securely attached infants are?
3pts
- Reliable
- In tune
- Affectionate
What does the care look like in mothers of avoidant infants? What is the infants response?
2pts
- care alternating between rejection and intrusive overinvolvment
- infant is drawn towards mother, but fears rejection, so reacts by withdrawing
What does the care look like in mothers of resistant infants? What is the infants response?
2pts
-insensitive care – withdrawn, uninvolved, inaccessible
-infant cannot rely on mother to be accessible, so constantly monitors mother
In the insecure disorganized/disoriented attachment style, what did Mary Main discover?
4pts
Hint* what is their response to separation and reunion, what causes this response?
- Conflicted, unpredictable, disoriented/distressed response to both separation and reunion
- Fear or freezing
- Result from unpredictable maternal behaviours that leave infant feeling unprotected and abandoned, maltreatment
- Neglected or abused kids typically develop this attachment style
What are characteristics of baby that can affect quality of care /caregiver’s reaction?
5pts
- Cuddlers vs. non-cuddlers
- Fussiness vs. babies that quite easily
- Responsiveness
- Alertness
- Appearance
Babies tendencies or response style. Born with BLANK that later become personalities.
what concept am I?
Give an example.
Temperament
Ex- some babies may be more timid, some babies may be the opposite etc
What are the prerequisites for attachment?
2pts
- relationship with a special person
- continuing, unbroken relationship throughout infancy and into childhood
Bowlby – Consequences of failing to form attachment in early childhood?
7pts
- Inability to form close relationships
- attachment teaches children about close relationships
- may be afraid of close relationships - Fearfulness
- lack a secure base for exploring the world
- may be unable to desensitize self to novel or frightening stimuli
- fear and withdrawal
Harlow’s studies with Rhesus monkeys
Spitz – institutionalized infants
What type of study are they examples of?
Deprivation studies
What happened to the deprived Rhesus Monkeys regarding relationships (4pts) and fear (3pts) ?
- Relationships
- extreme withdrawal
- isolation
- inappropriate aggression
- fending for themselves - Fear
- played little
- self sooth (rocking back and forth)
- self-stimulation
What happened to the deprived institutionalized infants regarding relationships (1pt) and fear (3pts)?
Hint* need for attention, trust
- Relationships
- the longer they remain in the situation, the greater the problem with trust and relationships - Fear
- excessive clinging to caregivers
- insatiable need for attention
- later behaviour problems, acting out
Benefits of Secure attachment:
Preschool and early elementary school
(3pts)
- more curious, do better in school
- better liked by peers
- leaders, take initiative, resilient etc
Benefits of Secure attachment:
Later elementary/ high school
(2pts)
- better socially adjusted
- less likely to be loners, withdrawn
Benefits of Secure attachment:
Adulthood
(2pts)
- attachment relations with own children
- Trusting romantic attachments
