Chapter 1- Background & theories Pt.2 Flashcards
Cognitive-Developmental Approaches: Piaget’s Theory
- Piaget was a BLANK with strong interests in how children acquire BLANK
- The nature of children’s BLANK changes as they BLANK
Fill in the blanks.
- Biologist, knowledge
- Knowledge, develop
Cognitive-Developmental Approaches: Piaget’s Theory
- The cognitive structures that are used to understand the world
- Reflect an object in the environment and the child’s reaction to that object
What am i?
Schemas (set of schemes)
Cognitive-Developmental Approaches: Piaget’s Theory
Two functions guide cognitive development: Define organization and adaptation
2pt
Organization: New knowledge must be merged with old knowledge
Adaptation: The survival of an organism depends on its ability to fit with the environment
Cognitive-Developmental Approaches: Piaget’s Theory
Cognitive adaptation is promoted by: Define assimilation and accommodation
Provide an example of each.
2pt
Assimilation: Making sense of new information using existing schemes
Ex- Might assimilate that a horse is a dog because it is a four legged animal
Accommodation: Changing the existing schemes to fit with new information
Ex- Child adapts the existing schema to incorporate the knowledge that some four legged animals are horses, dogs etc
Cognitive-Developmental Approaches: Piaget’s Theory
What is the sensorimotor period ?
Provide age and description.
2pts
- Birth through age 2
- Infant schemes are simple reflexes and knowledge reflects interactions with people and objects
Cognitive-Developmental Approaches: Piaget’s Theory
What is the preoperational period?
Provide age and description.
2pts
- Age 2 to 6
- Child begins to use symbols (words, numbers) to represent the world cognitively
Cognitive-Developmental Approaches: Piaget’s Theory
What is the concrete period?
Provide age and description.
2pts
- Age 6 to 11
- Child performs mental operations and logical problem solving
Cognitive-Developmental Approaches: Piaget’s Theory
What is the formal period?
Provide age and description.
2pts
- Age 12 through adulthood
- Child can use formal problem solving and higher level abstract thinking
Cognitive-Developmental Approaches:
Information-Processing Models
Cognition is a system formed of three parts, what are they?
- Sensory input
- Information processing
- Behavioural output
The Sociocultural Approach: Vygotsky’s Theory
What did Vygotsky believe?
3pts
- Individual cognitive development is a product of cultural influences
- Thinking and problem solving are tools of intellectual adaptation
- Through guided interactions with more experienced members of society, children learn problem-solving (dialectical process) which leads to internalization
The Sociocultural Approach: Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Approach
What is the Bronfenbrenner ecological approach? What are the five systems?
2pts
There are different systems that we need to understand a child, this approach looks at things from a bigger perspective, looking not only the child but their environment socially and culturally: teachers, friends, family (transactional influence)
- Proposed five systems: microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, chronosystem
Environmental/Learning Approaches
- Relies heavily on learning theory to explain development
- Does not invoke unseen cognitive processes to explain development
What type of psychology am I?
Behavioural psychology
Environmental/Learning Approaches
- Human behaviour is BLANK rather than inborn
- BLANK refers to a relatively BLANK change in behaviour that results from practice or experience
- Definition excludes transitory changes such as exhaustion or drug actions
- Learning is reflected in BLANK behaviour
- Learning is not due to BLANK maturation
- acquired
- learning, permanent
- observable
- biological
Environmental/Learning Approaches
B.F. Skinner
Two distinct forms of learning:
BLANK: Environmental stimuli elicit reflexive responses (salivation responses to a steak)
BLANK: The impact of voluntary behaviours on the environment
-BLANK behaviours are controlled by their effects
-Respondent
- Operant
- Operant
Types of Learning
What is habituation?
1pt
The decline of a reflex response after repeated elicitation
Types of Learning
What is classical conditioning?
1pt
Neutral stimulus is paired with a reflexive stimulus; after several pairings, the neutral stimulus now elicits a response
Types of Learning
What is operant learning?
1pt
Behaviour changes as a result of reinforcers or punishers
Social-Learning Theory
Human development involves an interaction between a person’s characteristics and behaviour with the environment.
Person–> Behaviour–> Environment
What concept am i?
Reciprocal determinism of Bandura
Social-Learning Theory
- BLANK added the concept of observational learning to environmental/learning theory
- Observational Learning
-Children learn by BLANK models and, as a result, experience vicarious BLANK or vicarious BLANK - Children BLANK their models
-Bandura
-Observing, punishment, reinforcement
- imitate
Social-Learning Theory
What are the 4 processes of Bandura’s model of observational learning ?
- Attentional processes
- Retention processes
- Production processes
- Motivational processes
Evolutionary and Biological Approaches
Ethology:
- Role of BLANK processes in BLANK
- Ethology suggests two determinants of behaviour:
- BLANK
- Environmental and internal states
- BLANK
- Behaviours are functional and certain behaviours may have conferred evolutionary advantages to an animal, allowing it to survive and reproduce
Fill the blanks.
- Evolutionary, development
- Immediate
- Evolutionary
Classical Ethology
What do ethologists argue regarding innate behaviours?
4 pts
- Are universal to all members of the species
- Require no learning or experience
- Are stereotyped (similar form)
- Are minimally affected by the environment
Classical Ethology
Emotional bonds formed by young members of a species with their mothers (e.g. Lorenz’s ducklings)
What concept am i?
Imprinting
Applications of Ethological Theory
Supported the idea that close mother-infant bond (attachment) is crucial to survival of young
What application of the ethological am i?
a. sociobiology
b. Evolutionary Development Psychology
c. Bowlby’s observations on institutionalized infants
c. Bowlby’s observations on institutionalized infants
Applications of Ethological Theory
Examines genetic effects on social behaviour
What application of the ethological theory am i ?
a. sociobiology
b. Evolutionary Development Psychology
c. Bowlby’s observations on institutionalized infants
a. Sociobiology
Applications of Ethological Theory
Proposes that our current characteristics are a result of adaptational challenges.
What application of the ethological theory am i?
a. sociobiology
b. Evolutionary Development Psychology
c. Bowlby’s observations on institutionalized infants
b. Evolutionary Development Psychology
