Chapter 5- Sensory & Perceptual Development in Infancy Flashcards
What survival reflexes are permanent? Which two are permanent, but modified by experience?
5pts
- Breathing reflex
- Eyeblink reflex
- Pupillary reflex
- Swallowing & sucking reflex–> permanent but modified by experience
What survival reflex gradually disappears after 3-4 months?
Rooting reflex- if they feel something touching next to their mouth, they ex- a bottle on their cheek, they will turn to put the bottle/nipple in their mouth
When you stroke the infants foot, their foot spreads then they curl their toes
What reflex is this and when does it disappear?
Babinski reflex
- disappears after 12 months
Grasp fingers or other objects placed in the palm of hand.
What reflex is this and when does it disappear?
Give an example.
Grasping reflex
- disappears in 3 to 4 months
Ex- If you put your finger in a baby’s hand, they will hold on to it
-Held horizontally in water, they display alternating arm and leg movements
- Resembles swimming
What reflex is this and when does it disappear?
Swimming reflex
- disappears after 6 months
-Help upright, feet touching flat surface
- Makes stepping movements as though walking
What reflex is this and when does it disappear?
Give an example.
Stepping reflex/ placing reflex
- disappears after 2-3 months
Ex- if you hold a baby up and ask them to take steps, you can see them take little steps/alternating legs
Stimuli:
- sudden loud noise
- Head drop
- Baby drop
They arch lower back, throws their arms out, suddenly brings arms together, clutching motions
What reflex is this and when does it disappear?
Moro reflex/startle reflex
- disappears in about 5 months
If infant is laying on their back and you put pressure on both palms, they will react by closing their eyes, opening their mouth and their head will return to midline.
What reflex is this and when does it disappear?
Babkin reflex/ Palmarmental reflex
- disappears in 3-4 months
How do we access/measure sensory capabilities in neonates?
4pts
Psychophysiological measures:
- heart rate
- respiration rate
- cortical response (EEG)
- Sucking rate
What are visual sensory capabilities?
5pts
- brightness
- colour
- movement
- tracking
- acuity and focusing ability
Visual perception capabilities:
Why did Robert Fanz’s create the “looking chamber”? How old were the babies?
1pts
He developed the “looking chamber” for 2 day old infants- to discover what patterns and forms babies perceive
What were the results of the looking chamber from the presented the stimuli?
3pts
- preferred face
- also attracted to concentric circles
- peaked by about 2 months
What is it that attracts infant’s attention, in terms of faces/shapes/forms?
3pts
- contour
- complexity
- curvature
What were the results regarding scanning of face in ONE month old’s?
2pts
- focused on contours and edges
- little concern for inner features
What were the results regarding scanning of face in TWO month olds?
2pts
- scan inner features
- little concern for contours and edges
By three months what happens to babies vison and scanning of face? What do they prefer?
3pts
- their vision gets a lot better, not as blurry
- 3 months old prefer to look at photographs of their mothers
- 3 month old can even discriminate between faces of strangers
Can babies recognize self?
What happens at 3 months:
prefer picture of another baby to self
TRUE OR FALSE
TRUE
Can babies recognize self?
What happens at 5 months:
If alter image of self, infants spend less time looking at image
TRUE OR FALSE
false- spend MORE time
What did they realize with the “rouge test” for babies less than 15 months?
1pt
they reach for spot on image in mirror, don’t recognize themselves in the mirror
What did they realize with the “rough test” for babies 15-18 months?
1pt
they reach for spot on their own face, so they recognize themselves
What are the difficulties with spatial perception?
2 pts
- poor visual acuity and focusing ability
- lack of stereopsis prior to 3 months
At 3 to 4 weeks, infant react defensively when foam rubber cube moved towards them.
What study am I?
Visual looming study
What are 4 auditory sensations? What is orientation and habituation used for?
5pts
Orientation and habituation method for how we measure how babies recognize sound
- Frequency
- Intensity
- Duration
- Location
Babies stop sucking to focus on something
True or False
True
If a baby turns to a sound, what does it show?
1pt
It shows a preference to a specific sound
Auditory Perception:
What did DeCasper & Fifer say about voice perception in babies? What did the experiment consist of?
Hint* mother vs strangers voice
4pts
- 1-3 day old babies
- Pacifier that records sucking rate
- Choice between mother’s voice and stranger’s voice
- Preferred mother’s voice
Could the infant be listening to mother’s voice while still in the womb?
Who conducted the experiment and what were the results?
5pts
Spence & DeCasper
- Mothers read The Cat in the Hat to their fetuses 2X per day for last 6 weeks
- Choice between The Cat in the Hat and another Suess story
- Preferred The Cat in the Hat
- Fetuses are able to recognize their moms voice and the stories the mom reads
Reaction to sound
In the experiment of Condon and Sandler, what did it entail of regarding the sounds presented (3pts) and the responses of the babies (2pts), how old were the babies (1pt)?
6pts
-2-day old neonates
Sounds:
- Tapping noises
- Vowel sounds
- Natural speech in English and Chinese
Response:
- Became alert
- coordinated body movements to natural speech
Discrimination between speech sounds
2 days old – can distinguish between vowel sounds such as E and Y
True or false
False, they can distinguish between vowel sound A and I
Discrimination between speech sounds
2 - 3 months – can even distinguish between similar consonant sounds.
True or false
True:
- bah-pah
- dah - tah
What do babies do in response to music at 1 day old? What do they prefer?
2 pts
- 1 day olds will increase or decrease sucking rate to listen to music
- Prefer music to noise without musical rhythm
Can newborns recognize mother’s odour?
Yes
What is a babies/neonates response to pleasant and unpleasant odours?
1pt
- Neonates turn toward pleasant odour and away from unpleasant odour
How can we tell if babies are enjoying the taste of something?
1pt
Sucking rate
What do babies prefer and not prefer in terms of taste?
3pts
-Prefer sweet solution to bitter, sour, or salty
- Prefer more concentrated sweet to less concentrated
- Prefer less concentrated sour or bitter to more concentrated
Why is it best to introduce veggies to babies first over fruits?
1pt
- Babies like sweet taste of fruit over veggies, so they tend to throw it away/to the side/avoid it
- Expression of “satisfaction”
- Slight smile
- Sucking movements
- Heart-rate increase
What taste is this reacting to?
Sweet
- Lips pursing
- Wrinkling of the nose
- Blinking of the eyes
What taste is this reacting to?
Sour
- Dislike, disgust, rejection
- Spitting
- Gagging
- “preparatory vomiting”
What taste is this reacting to?
Bitter
What is the critical age to learn a language, to be able to speak it fluently?
Adolescence
