Chapter 1- Background & Theories Pt. 1 Flashcards
(30 cards)
What is developmental psychology?
Is concerned with changes in behaviour and abilities that occur as development proceeds
What are the two goals of developmental psychology? Explain them
2pts
- Description: Identify children’s behaviour at various developmental points
- Explanation: Determine the causes and processes that govern developmental change
Early Theorists:
What did John Locke believe?
3pts
- Children gain knowledge through experience and learning
- Environmentalist point of view: children are products of their environment and upbringing
- “Tabula rasa”: the mind is a blank slate at birth (suggesting that all behaviors are learned)
Early Theorists:
What did Jean-Jacques Rousseau believe?
Give an example
2pt
- Argued that children are born with innate knowledge that drives development (nativism) and children are drawn to certain things of their innate knowledge
Ex- a baby may know exactly who their mom is
Early theorists:
What did Johann Gottfried Von Herder believe?
1pt
- Examining and evaluating the specifics of a culture is crucial to understanding human development (cultural relativism)
Early theorists:
Who is Charles Darwin?
3pts
- Developed concept of “natural selection”
–> Traits that confer advantages allow the organism to survive - Theory gave rise to concept of recapitulation
- Employed early baby biography research method
Early theorist- Charles Darwin:
Name the concept:
- As people develop, they repeat behaviours of their evolutionary ancestors.
- The development of the embryo of every species repeats the evolutionary development of that species fully.
- You see the same patterns happening overtime
Recapitulation
Early theorist- Charles Darwin:
Name the concept:
- The process through which populations of living organisms adapt and change
- Variations in individuals in populations have traits better suited to certain environments that others.
- Those with adaptive traits that give them more advantage, are more likely to survive and reproduce
Natural selection
Pioneers of child psychology:
Who is G. Stanley Hall?
2pts
- Father of child psychology
- Founded the field of developmental psychology
Pioneers of child psychology:
Who is James Mark Baldwin?
1pt
- First Canadian academic psychologist to study development
Pioneers of child psychology:
Who is John B. Watson?
3pts
- Focused research on observable behaviour
- Behaviorist theory of development
- Development results from conditioning and learning
Pioneers of child psychology:
Who is Arnold Gesell?
2pts
- Focused on biological and maturational processes
- Produced age-related norms for development
Pioneers of child psychology:
Who is Sigmund Freud?
2pts
- Focused on early childhood experiences
- Proposed a five-stage theory of psychosexual development
Pioneers of child psychology:
What did Sigmund Freud propose in his five-stage theory of psychosexual development ?
5pts
- Children are born with innate sexual energy (libido)
- At various stages of development, libido is focused within certain bodily regions called erogenous zones
- Stimulation of these regions results in pleasure and gratification
- Stages include: oral, anal, phallic, latent, genital
- Children move from stage to stage; failure to do so results in being fixated within a stage
Pioneers of child psychology:
What did Sigmund Freud propose about fixation in his five-stage theory of psychosexual development ?
2pts
- Inappropriate childhood experiences cause a child to become fixated (stuck) in the earlier stage
-This fixation will manifest itself in later adult
behaviour
Pioneers of child psychology:
What is the most complex stage in Sigmund Freud’s five-stage theory of psychosexual development ? Why?
3pts
Most complex stage is the phallic stage:
- Oedipus complex (for boys) & Electra complex (for girls): The attachment/unconscious sexual desire of the child to the parent of the opposite sex, accompanied by envious/ competition and aggressive feelings toward the parent of the same sex.
- Repression: repressing/exclusion of distressing memories, thoughts or feelings from the conscious mind.
- Identification: an individual makes themselves like someone else, identifies with another person –> a person changes their public behaviour and their private beliefs, but only while they are in the presence of the group they are identifying with
Pioneers of child psychology:
- First developmental theorist to propose that development represents an interaction between biological systems and environmental influences (BLANK perspective)
- Suggested that early childhood experiences are critical for adulthood
-spurred others to test his theories and to develop their own theories
- Suggested that early childhood experiences are critical for adulthood
Who am I? Fill in the bank.
- Sigmund Freud
- Interactionist
Pioneers of child psychology:
Who is Erik Erikson?
2pts
-Expanded Freuds stages; proposed an eight-stage model
-Focused on social and cultural influences on development (psychosocial model)
Pioneers of child psychology:
Stages of development of Erikson and Freud- What is the first stage?
Provide age, characteristics/explanation for each
3pts
Age: birth- 1.5
- Trust vs Mistrust: infant must form trusting relationships with caregivers. If care is inadequate, mistrust develops instead
-Oral: Libido is located at the mouth principal source of physical pleasure is sucking
Pioneers of child psychology:
Stages of development of Erikson and Freud- What is the second stage?
3pts
Age: 1.5- 3
- Autonomy vs Shame/doubt : As they master various skills- walking, toileting etc, children begin to develop feelings of autonomy and self-control. Failure to meet expectations can lead to shame and doubt.
-Anal: child attains physical pleasure from having bowel movements and later from withholding them.
Pioneers of child psychology:
Stages of development of Erikson and Freud- What is the third stage?
Provide age, characteristics/explanation for each
Age: 3-6
- Initiative vs guilt: Children take more initiative in dealing with their environment, but may experience guilt, as a result of conflicts with caregivers
- Phallic: Libido moves to the genital area. Children become sexually attracted to the parent of the opposite sex but views the same sex parent as competition/ a powerful rival. Resolving this conflicts involves forcing the libido into the unconscious and trying to adopt the characteristics of the same-sex parent.
Pioneers of child psychology:
Stages of development of Erikson and Freud- What is the fourth stage?
Provide age, characteristics/explanation for each
Age: 6-12
- Industry vs inferiority: School-age children develop industry by successfully dealing with demands to learn new skills; failure leads to feelings of inferiority
- Latency: libido remains repressed and inactive
Pioneers of child psychology:
Stages of development of Erikson and Freud- What is the fifth stage?
Provide age, characteristics/explanation for each
Age: 12-18
-Identity vs Role confusion: Teenagers must develop a sense of identity in various areas, such as occupation and gender, or risk role confusion in adulthood
-Genital: Libido re-emerges in the genital area; child again develops attraction towards the opposite sex- this time directed towards peers.
Pioneers of child psychology:
Stages of development of Erikson:
What is the name of the stage ‘young adult’?
1pt
Intimacy vs isolation: young adults must form intimate relationships or suffer from loneliness and isolation
