Chapter 4- Prenatal Development Flashcards
Three main periods:
What is the germinal period (1st period)?
1pt
- from fertilization until implantation
Three main periods:
What is the embryonic period (2nd period)?
2pts
- from 2nd to 8th week
- differentiation
Three main periods:
What is the fetal period (3rd period)?
What is the age of viability?
2pts
- from 3rd month until birth
- Age of viability- 24 weeks
What are the environmental influences on prenatal development?
10pts
- Age
- Number of previous pregnancies
- Smoking
- Diabetes
- Stress
- Nutrition
- High blood pressure
- Food limitation
- Exercise
- Alcohol
What is the length of a full term pregnancy?
38 weeks
Why is age and number of previous pregnancies environmental influences?
Age- the older you are, decreases your chances of pregnancy/healthy pregnancy
Number of previous pregnancies- more pregnancies decrease chances of healthy pregnancies. If you have pregnancies back to back, your body doesn’t have time to fully recover
What are the six principles of how teratogens act?
Hint* The effect…
6pts
- The effect depends on genetic makeup of organism
- The effect depends partly on timing
- The effect may be unique to the teratogen
- The effect may include death or serious disorders
- Teratogens gain access to the fetus in different ways
- The effect of a teratogen increases with level of exposure
When are you most likely to have a miscarriage? Are they common?
- In the first trimester before the 12th week of pregnancy/during the first 3 months
- yes
If the embryo is not growing, high chance of…
Complete the sentence.
miscarriage/not live baby
There are BLANK periods during pregnancy, where if you do come into contact with these BLANK, it can cause BLANK
- sensitive
- teratogens
- problems
Maternal disease
When does Rubella occur and what does it cause?
5pts
- Occurs typically within the first 3-4 months
Causes:
- blindness
- deafness
- cardiac abnormalities
- intellectual impairment
Defined by rashes, very common, many are immune, you can qualify for leave if your not immune to it
Fifth disease
Maternal disease:
What is toxoplasmosis? What can it cause?
3pts
- parasite present in raw meat and cat feces
- causes eye and brain damage
- As a result, pregnant women are not supposed to clean cat litter
Sexually transmitted diseases:
What does Gonorrhea affect during birth?
1pt
eyes
Sexually transmitted diseases:
Does not cross placenta until 18th week
Name the disease.
Syphilis
Sexually transmitted diseases:
When does herpes occur and what does it cause?
2pts
- infection occurs during birth
- causes eye and brain damage
Drugs:
In the 50s & 60s, it was prescribed for nausea.
What drug am I?
Thalidomide
Drugs:
- linked to higher likelihood of cervical cancer
- prescribed for potential miscarriage
- found out that it didn’t work
What drug am I?
Diethylstilbestrol (DES)
Recreational Drugs:
What does smoking cause (3pts) and why (2pts)?
Causes:
- miscarriage
- stillbirth
- low birth-weight babies (SGA)
Why?
- CO reduces amount of O2 carried to baby
- Nicotine reduces amount of blood reaching placenta
What are the symptoms/signs of Fetal Alcohol syndrome?
6pts
- physical, neurological, intellectual symptoms
Physical:
- Epicanthal folds
- flat nasal bridge
- “railroad track” ears
- thin upper lip
- smooth philtrum
Marijuana:
What are the effects seen in children of heavy smokers?
4pts
- fine motor tremors
- exaggerated and prolonged startle responses
- poor habituation to visual stimuli
- effects on executive function- attention, impulsivity, problem solving
What is conception?
The combining of the genetic material from a male gamete (sperm) and a female gamete (ovum); fertilization
A fertilized ovum
What am I?
Zygote
An agent that can cause abnormal development in the fetus.
What am I?
Teratogen
