Chapter 6 Flashcards
Define articular cartilage
thin layer of cartilage covering an epiphysis; reduces friction and acts as a shock absorber
Define articulation
where two bone surfaces meet
Define bone
hard, dense connective tissue that forms the structural elements of the skeleton
Define canalculi
channels within the bone matrix that house one of an osteocyte’s many cytoplasmic extensions that is uses to communicate and receive nutrients
Define cartilage
semi-rigid connective tissue found on the skeleton in areas where flexibility and smooth surfaces support movement
Define central canal
longitudinal channel in the center of each osteon; contains blood vessels, nerves and lympahtic vessels; also known as the Haversian canal
Define closed reduction
manual manipulation of a broken bone to set it into its natural position without surgery
Define compact bone
dense osseous tissue that can withstand compressive forces
Define diaphysis
tubular shaft that runs between the proximal and distal ends of a long bone
Define diploe
layer of spongy bone, that is sandwiched between two the layers of compact bones found in flats bones
Define endochondral ossification
process in which bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage
Define endosteum
delicate membranous lining of a bone; replaced by bone tissue as the organ grows in length
Define epiphyseal plate
sheet of hyaline cartilage in the metaphysis of an immature bone; replaced by bone tissue as the organ grows in length
Define epiphyseal line
completely ossified remnant of the epiphyseal plate
Define epiphysis
wide section at each end of a long bone; filed with spongy bone and red marrow
Define external callus
collar of hyaline cartilage and bone that forms around the outside of a fracture
Define flat bone
thin and curved bone; serves as a point of attachment for muscles and protects internal organs
Define fracture
broken bone
Define fracture hematoma
blood clots that forms at the site of a broken bone
Define hematopoiesis
production of blood cells, which occurs in the red marrow of the bones
Define hole
opening or depression in a bone
Define hypercalcemia
condition characterized by abnormally high levels of calcium
Define hypocalcemia
condition characterized by abnormally low levels of calcium
Define internal callus
fibrocartilaginous matrix, in the endosteal region, between the two ends of a broken bone
Define Intramembranous ossification
process by which bone forms directly from mesenchymal tissue
Define irregular bone
bone off complex shape; protects internal organs from compressive forces
Define lacunae
spaces in a bone that house an osteocyte
Define long bone
cylinder-shaped bone that is longer than it is wide; functions as a lever
Define medullary cavity
hollow region of the diaphysis; filled with yellow marrow
Define modeling
process, during bone growth, by which bone is resorbed on one surface of a bone and deposited on another
Define nutrient foramen
small opening in the middle of the external surface of the diaphysis; through which an artery enters the bone to provide nourishment
Define open reduction
surgical exposure of a bone to reset a fracture
Define orthopedist
doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating musculoskeletal disorders and injuries
Define osseous tissue
bone tissue; a hard, dense connective tissue that forms the structural elements of the skeleton
Define ossification
bone formation
Define ossification center
cluster of osteroblasts found in the early stages of intramembranous ossification
Define osteoblast
cell responsible for forming new bone
Define osteoclast
cell responsible for resorbing bone
Define osteocyte
primary cell in mature bone; responsible for maintaining the matrix
Define ostenogenic cell
undifferentiated cell with high mitotic activity; the only bone cells that divide; they differentiate and develop into osteoblasts
Define osteoid
uncalcified bone matrix secreted by osteoblasts
Define osteon
basic structural unit of compact bone; made o concentric layers of calcified matrix
Define osteoporosis
disease characterized by a decrease in bone mass; occurs when the rate of bone resorption exceeds the rate of bone formation, a common occurrence as the body ages
Define perforating canal
channel that branches off rom the central canal houses vessels and nerves that extend to the periosteum and endosteum
Define perichondrium
membrane that covers cartilage
Define periosteum
fibrous membrane covering the outer surface of bone and continuous with ligaments
Define primary ossification center
region of the epiphyseal plate that makes new chondrocytes to replace those that die at the diaphyseal end of the plate and contributes to longitudinal growth of the epiphyseal plate
Define projection
bone markings where part of the surface sticks out above the rest of the surface, where tendons and ligaments attach
Define proliferative zone
region of the epiphyseal plate that makes new chondrocytes to replace those that die at the diaphyseal end of the plate and contributes to longitudinal growth of epiphyseal plate
Define red marrow
connective tissue in the inferior cavity of a bone where hematopoiesis takes place
Define remodeling
process by which osteoclasts resorb old or damaged bone at the same time as and on the same surface where osteoblasts form new bone to replace that which is resorbed
Define reserve zone
region of the epiphyseal plate that anchors the plate to the osseous tissue of the epiphyses
Define sesamoid bone
small, round bone embedded in a tendon; protects the tendon from compressive forces
Define short bone
cube-shaped bone that is approximately equal in length, width, and thickness; provides limited motion
Define skeletal system
organ system composed of bones and cartilage that provides for movement, support, and protection
Define spongy bone
trabeculated osseous tissue that supports shifts in weight distribution aka cancellous bone
Define trabeculae
spikes or sections of the lattice-like matrix in spongy bone
Define yellow marrow
connective tissue in the inferior cavity of a bone where fat is stored
Define zone of calcified matrix
region of the epiphyseal plate closest to the diaphyseal end; functions to connect the epiphyseal plate to the diaphysis
Define zone of maturation and hypertrophy
region of the epiphyseal plate where chondrocytes from the proliferative zone grow and mature and contribute to longitudinal growth of the epiphyseal plate
