Chapter 6

Question 1

Define articular cartilage

Answer 1

thin layer of cartilage covering an epiphysis; reduces friction and acts as a shock absorber

Question 2

Define articulation

Answer 2

where two bone surfaces meet

Question 3

Define bone

Answer 3

hard, dense connective tissue that forms the structural elements of the skeleton

Question 4

Define canalculi

Answer 4

channels within the bone matrix that house one of an osteocyte’s many cytoplasmic extensions that is uses to communicate and receive nutrients

Question 5

Define cartilage

Answer 5

semi-rigid connective tissue found on the skeleton in areas where flexibility and smooth surfaces support movement

Question 6

Define central canal

Answer 6

longitudinal channel in the center of each osteon; contains blood vessels, nerves and lympahtic vessels; also known as the Haversian canal

Question 7

Define closed reduction

Answer 7

manual manipulation of a broken bone to set it into its natural position without surgery

Question 8

Define compact bone

Answer 8

dense osseous tissue that can withstand compressive forces

Question 9

Define diaphysis

Answer 9

tubular shaft that runs between the proximal and distal ends of a long bone

Question 10

Define diploe

Answer 10

layer of spongy bone, that is sandwiched between two the layers of compact bones found in flats bones

Question 11

Define endochondral ossification

Answer 11

process in which bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage

Question 12

Define endosteum

Answer 12

delicate membranous lining of a bone; replaced by bone tissue as the organ grows in length

Question 13

Define epiphyseal plate

Answer 13

sheet of hyaline cartilage in the metaphysis of an immature bone; replaced by bone tissue as the organ grows in length

Question 14

Define epiphyseal line

Answer 14

completely ossified remnant of the epiphyseal plate

Question 15

Define epiphysis

Answer 15

wide section at each end of a long bone; filed with spongy bone and red marrow

Question 16

Define external callus

Answer 16

collar of hyaline cartilage and bone that forms around the outside of a fracture

Question 17

Define flat bone

Answer 17

thin and curved bone; serves as a point of attachment for muscles and protects internal organs

Question 18

Define fracture

Answer 18

broken bone

Question 19

Define fracture hematoma

Answer 19

blood clots that forms at the site of a broken bone

Question 20

Define hematopoiesis

Answer 20

production of blood cells, which occurs in the red marrow of the bones

Question 21

Define hole

Answer 21

opening or depression in a bone

Question 22

Define hypercalcemia

Answer 22

condition characterized by abnormally high levels of calcium

Question 23

Define hypocalcemia

Answer 23

condition characterized by abnormally low levels of calcium

Question 24

Define internal callus

Answer 24

fibrocartilaginous matrix, in the endosteal region, between the two ends of a broken bone

Question 25

Define Intramembranous ossification

Answer 25

process by which bone forms directly from mesenchymal tissue

Question 26

Define irregular bone

Answer 26

bone off complex shape; protects internal organs from compressive forces

Question 27

Define lacunae

Answer 27

spaces in a bone that house an osteocyte

Question 28

Define long bone

Answer 28

cylinder-shaped bone that is longer than it is wide; functions as a lever

Question 29

Define medullary cavity

Answer 29

hollow region of the diaphysis; filled with yellow marrow

Question 30

Define modeling

Answer 30

process, during bone growth, by which bone is resorbed on one surface of a bone and deposited on another

Question 31

Define nutrient foramen

Answer 31

small opening in the middle of the external surface of the diaphysis; through which an artery enters the bone to provide nourishment

Question 32

Define open reduction

Answer 32

surgical exposure of a bone to reset a fracture

Question 33

Define orthopedist

Answer 33

doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating musculoskeletal disorders and injuries

Question 34

Define osseous tissue

Answer 34

bone tissue; a hard, dense connective tissue that forms the structural elements of the skeleton

Question 35

Define ossification

Answer 35

bone formation

Question 36

Define ossification center

Answer 36

cluster of osteroblasts found in the early stages of intramembranous ossification

Question 37

Define osteoblast

Answer 37

cell responsible for forming new bone

Question 38

Define osteoclast

Answer 38

cell responsible for resorbing bone

Question 39

Define osteocyte

Answer 39

primary cell in mature bone; responsible for maintaining the matrix

Question 40

Define ostenogenic cell

Answer 40

undifferentiated cell with high mitotic activity; the only bone cells that divide; they differentiate and develop into osteoblasts

Question 41

Define osteoid

Answer 41

uncalcified bone matrix secreted by osteoblasts

Question 42

Define osteon

Answer 42

basic structural unit of compact bone; made o concentric layers of calcified matrix

Question 43

Define osteoporosis

Answer 43

disease characterized by a decrease in bone mass; occurs when the rate of bone resorption exceeds the rate of bone formation, a common occurrence as the body ages

Question 44

Define perforating canal

Answer 44

channel that branches off rom the central canal houses vessels and nerves that extend to the periosteum and endosteum

Question 45

Define perichondrium

Answer 45

membrane that covers cartilage

Question 46

Define periosteum

Answer 46

fibrous membrane covering the outer surface of bone and continuous with ligaments

Question 47

Define primary ossification center

Answer 47

region of the epiphyseal plate that makes new chondrocytes to replace those that die at the diaphyseal end of the plate and contributes to longitudinal growth of the epiphyseal plate

Question 48

Define projection

Answer 48

bone markings where part of the surface sticks out above the rest of the surface, where tendons and ligaments attach

Question 49

Define proliferative zone

Answer 49

region of the epiphyseal plate that makes new chondrocytes to replace those that die at the diaphyseal end of the plate and contributes to longitudinal growth of epiphyseal plate

Question 50

Define red marrow

Answer 50

connective tissue in the inferior cavity of a bone where hematopoiesis takes place

Question 51

Define remodeling

Answer 51

process by which osteoclasts resorb old or damaged bone at the same time as and on the same surface where osteoblasts form new bone to replace that which is resorbed

Question 52

Define reserve zone

Answer 52

region of the epiphyseal plate that anchors the plate to the osseous tissue of the epiphyses

Question 53

Define sesamoid bone

Answer 53

small, round bone embedded in a tendon; protects the tendon from compressive forces

Question 54

Define short bone

Answer 54

cube-shaped bone that is approximately equal in length, width, and thickness; provides limited motion

Question 55

Define skeletal system

Answer 55

organ system composed of bones and cartilage that provides for movement, support, and protection

Question 56

Define spongy bone

Answer 56

trabeculated osseous tissue that supports shifts in weight distribution aka cancellous bone

Question 57

Define trabeculae

Answer 57

spikes or sections of the lattice-like matrix in spongy bone

Question 58

Define yellow marrow

Answer 58

connective tissue in the inferior cavity of a bone where fat is stored

Question 59

Define zone of calcified matrix

Answer 59

region of the epiphyseal plate closest to the diaphyseal end; functions to connect the epiphyseal plate to the diaphysis

Question 60

Define zone of maturation and hypertrophy

Answer 60

region of the epiphyseal plate where chondrocytes from the proliferative zone grow and mature and contribute to longitudinal growth of the epiphyseal plate