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A & P 1 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Define acid

A

compound that releases hydrogen ions (H+) in solution

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2
Q

Define activation energy

A

amount of energy greater than the energy contained in the reactants, which must be overcome for a reaction to proceed

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3
Q

Define adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

A

energy carrying molecule found in cells of all living things. Captures chemical energy obtained from breakdown of food molecules and releases it to fuel other cellular process

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4
Q

Define amino acids

A

building blocks of proteins; characterized by an amino and carboxyl functional groups and a variable side-chain

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5
Q

Define anion

A

atom with a negative charge

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6
Q

Define atom

A

smallest unit of an element that retains the unique properties off that element

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7
Q

Define atomic number

A

number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

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8
Q

Define base

A

compound that releases hydroxyl ions (OH-) or compound that accepts hydrogen ions (H+) in solution

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9
Q

Define bond

A

electrical force linking atoms

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10
Q

Define buffer

A

solution containing a weak acid or a weak base that prevents wide fluctuations in the pH of body fluids

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11
Q

Define carbbohydrates

A

class of organic compounds built from sugars, molecules containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1-2-1 ratio

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12
Q

Define catalyst

A

substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself being changed in the process

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13
Q

Define cation

A

atom with a positive charge

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14
Q

Define chemical enegry

A

the form of potential energy stored within atoms and molecules. observed when a chemical reaction occurs or matter changes forms

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15
Q

Define colloid

A

liquid mixture in which the solute particles consist of clumps of molecules large enough to scatter light (homogenous)

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16
Q

Define compound

A

substance composed of two or more different elements joined by chemical bonds

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17
Q

Define concentration

A

number of particles within a given space

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18
Q

Define covalent bond

A

chemical bond in which two atoms share electrons, thereby completing their valance shells

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19
Q

Define decomposition reaction

A

type of catabolic reaction in which one or more bonds within a large molecule are broken, resulting in the release of smaller molecules or atoms

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20
Q

Define denaturation

A

change in the structure of a molecule through physical or chemical means

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21
Q

Define deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

A

deoxyribose-containing nucleotide that stores genetic information

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22
Q

Define disaccharide

A

pair of carbohydrate monomer bonded by dehydration synthesis via a glycosidic bond

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23
Q

Define disulfide bond

A

covalent bond formed within a polypeptide between sulfide groups of sulfur-containing amino acids, for example, cysteine

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24
Q

Define electron

A

subatomic particle having a negative charge and nearly no mass; found orbiting the atom’s nucleus

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25
Q

Define electron shell

A

area of space a given distance from an atom’s nucleus in which electrons are grouped

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26
Q

Define element

A

substance that cannot be created or broken down by ordinary chemical means

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27
Q

Define enzyme

A

protein or RNA that catalyzes chemical reactions

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28
Q

Define exchange reaction

A

type of chemical reaction in which bonds are both formed and broken , resulting in the transfer of components

29
Q

Define functional group

A

group of atoms linked by strong covalent bonds that tends to behave as a distinct unit in chemical reactions with other atoms

30
Q

Define hydrogen bond

A

A weak bond between two molecules resulting from an electrostatic attraction between a proton in one molecule and electronegative atom in the other

31
Q

Define inorganic compound

A

substance that does not contain both carbon and hydrogen

32
Q

Define ion

A

atom with an overall positive or negative charge

33
Q

Define ionic bond

A

attraction between an anion and a cation

34
Q

Define isotopes

A

One of two or more species of atoms of a chemical element that contain equal numbers of protons but different number of neutrons in nuclei

35
Q

Define kinetic energy

A

energy that matter posses because of its motion

36
Q

Define lipid

A

Class of organic compounds that are fatty acids or their solvents

37
Q

Define macromolecule

A

large molecule formed by covalent bonding

38
Q

Define mass number

A

sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom

39
Q

Define matter

A

physical substance; that which occupies space and has mass

40
Q

Define molecule

A

two or more atoms covalently bonded together

41
Q

Define monosaccharide

A

monomer of carbohydrates; also known as a simple sugar

42
Q

Define neutron

A

heavy subatomic particle having no electrical chargge and found in the atom’s nucleus

43
Q

Define nucleotide

A

class of organic compounds composed of one or more phosphate groups, a pentose sugar, and a base

44
Q

Define organic compound

A

substance that contains both carbon and hydrogen

45
Q

Define peptide bond

A

covalent bond formed by dehydration synthesis between two amino acids

46
Q

Define periodic table of elements

A

arrangement of the elements in a table according to their atomic number; elements having similar properties because of their electron arrangements compose columns in the table, while elements having the same number of valence shells compose rows in the table

47
Q

Define pH

A

negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration of a solution

48
Q

Define phospholipids

A

a lipid compound in which a phosphate group is combined with a diglyceride

49
Q

Define phosphorylation

A

addition of one of more phosphate groups to an organic compound

50
Q

Define polar molecule

A

chemical species in which the distribution of electrons between covalently bonded atoms is not even

51
Q

Define polysaccharide

A

compound consisting of more than two carbohydrate monomers bonded by dehydration synthesis via glycosidic bonds

52
Q

Define potential energy

A

energy stored in an object due to its position relative to some zero position

53
Q

Define product

A

one or more substances produced by a chemical reaction

54
Q

Define prostaglandin

A

Group of lipids made at sites of tissue damage or infection that are involved in dealing with injury and illness. They control processes such as inflammation, blood flow, the formation of blood clots and induction of labor

55
Q

Define protein

A

class of organic compounds that as composed of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds

56
Q

Define proton

A

heavy subatomic particle having a positive charge and found in the atom’s nucleus

57
Q

Define purine

A

nitrogen-containing base with a double ring structure; adenine and guanine

58
Q

Define pyrimidine

A

nitrogen-containing base with a single ring structure; cytosine, thiamine, and uracil

59
Q

Define radioactive isotope

A

unstable, heavy isotope that gives off subatomic particles, or electromagnetic energy, as it decays; also called radioisotopes

60
Q

Define reactant

A

one or more substances that enter into the reaction

61
Q

Define ribonucleic acid (RNA)

A

ribose-containing nucleotide that helps manifest the genetic code as protein

62
Q

Define solution

A

homogeneous liquid mixture in which a solute is dissolved into molecules within a solvent

63
Q

Define steroid

A

Large class of organic compounds with a characteristic molecular structure containing four rings of carbon atoms (hormones, alkaloids, vitamins)

64
Q

Define substrate

A

reactant in an enzymatic reaction

65
Q

Define suspension

A

liquid mixture in which particles distributed i the liquid settle out over time

66
Q

Define synthesis reaction

A

type of anabolic reaction in which two or more reactants combine to form a single product

67
Q

Define triglyceride

A

lipid compound composed of a glycerol molecule bonded with three fatty acid chains

68
Q

Define valence shell

A

outermost electron shell of an atom

A & P 1 (10 decks)

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