Chapter 4 Flashcards
Define adipocytes
lipid storage cells
Define adipose tissue
specialized areolar tissue right in stored fat
Define anchoring junction
mechanically attaches adjacent cells to each other or to the basement membrane
Define apocrine secretion
release of a substance along with the apical portion of the cell
Define apoptosis
programmed cell death
Define areolar tissue
a type of connective tissue proper that shows little specialization with cell dispersed in the matrix ( aka loose connection tissue)
Define astrocytes
star-shaped cell in the central nervous system that regulates ions and uptake and/or breakdown of some neurotransmitters and contributes to the formation of the blood-brain barrier
Define atrophy
loss of mass and function
Define basal lamina
thin extracellular layer that lies underneath epithelial cells and separates them from other tissues
Define basement membrane
in epithelial tissue, a thin layer of fibrous material that anchors the epithelial tissue to the underlying connective tissue; made up of the basal lamina and reticular lamina
Define cardiac muscle
heart muscle, under involuntary control, composed off striated cells that attach to form fibers, each cell contains a single nucleus, contracts autonomously
Define cell junction
point of cell-to-cell contact that connects one cell to another tissue
Define chondrocytes
cells of the cartilage
Define clotting
also called coagulation; complex process by which blood components form a plug to stop bleeding
Define collagen fiber
flexible fibrous proteins that give connection tissue tensile strength
Define connective tissue
type of tissue that serve to hold in place, connect and integrate the body’s organs and systems
Define connective tissue membrane
connective tissue that encapsulates organs and lines of movable joints
Define connective tissue proper
connective tissue containing viscous matrix, fibers and cells
Define cutaneous membrane
skin; epithelial tissue made up of a stratified squamous epithelial cells that cover the outside of the body
Define dense connective tissue
connective tissue proper that contains many fibers that provide both elasticity and protection
Define ectoderm
outer most embryonic germ layer from which the epidermis and the nervous tissue derive
Define elastic collagen
type of cartilage, with elastin as the major protein, characterized by rigid support as well as elasticity
Define elastic fiber
fibrous protein within connective tissue that contains a high percentage of the protein elastin that allows the fibers to stretch and return to original size
Define endocrine gland
groups of cells that release chemical signals into the intercellular fluid to be picked up and transported to their target organs by blood
Define endoderm
inner most embryonic germ layer from which most of the digestive system and lower respiratory system derive
Define endothelium
tissue that lines vessels off the lymphatic and cardiovascular system, made up of a simple squamous epithelium
Define epithelial membrane
epithelial attached to a layer of connective tissue
Define exocrine gland
group of epithelial cells that secrete substances through ducts that open to the skin or to internal body surfaces that lead to the exterior of the body
Define fibroblast
most abundant cell type in connective tissue, secretes proteins fibers and matrix into the extracellular space
Define fibrocartilage
tough form of cartilage , made of thick bundles of collagen fibers embedded in chrondroitin sulfate ground substance
Define fibrocyte
less active form of fibroblast
Define fluid connective tissue
specialized cells that circulate in a watery fluid containing salts, nutrients, and dissolved proteins
Define gap junction
allows cytoplasmic communications to occur between cells
Define goblet cell
unicellular gland found in columnar epithelium that secretes mucous
Define ground substance
fluid or semi-fluid portion of the matrix
Define histamines
chemical compound released by mast cells in response to injury that causes vasodilation and endothelium
Define histology
microscopic study of tissue architecture, organization, and function
Define holocrine secretion
release of a substance caused by the rupture of a gland cell, which becomes part of the secretion
Define hyaline cartilage
most common type of cartilage, smooth and made of short collagen fibers embedded in chondrotin sulfate ground substance
Define inflammation
response of tissue injury
Define lacunae
small spaces in bones and cartilage tissue that cells occupy (singular = lacuna)
Define lamina propria
acreolar connective tissue underlying a mucous membrane
Define loose connective tissue
type of connective tissue proper that shows little specialization with cells dispersed in the matrix (aka areolar tissue)
Define matrix
extracellular material which is produced by the cells embedded in it, containing ground substance and fibers
Define merocrine secretion
release of a substance from a gland via exocytosis
Define mesenchymal cell
adult stem cell from which most connective tissue cells are derived
Define mesenchyme
embryonic tissue from which connective tissue cells derive
Define mesothelium
simple squamous epithelial portion of serous membranes
Define mucous connective tissue
specialized loose connective tissue present in the umbilical cord
Define mucous gland
groups of cells that secrete mucous, a thick, slippery substance that keeps tissues moist and acts as a lubricant
Define mucous membrane
tissue membrane that is covered by the protective mucous and lines tissue exposed to the outside environment
Define mucous tissue
type of tissue that is capable off contracting and generating tension in response to stimulation; produces movement
Define myelin
layer of fluid inside some nuerological cells that wraps around the axons of some neurons
Define myocyte
muscle cells
Define necrosis
accidental death of cells and tissues
Define nervous tissue
type of tissue that is capable of sending and receiving impulses through electrochemical signals
Define neuroglia
supportive neural cells
Define neurons
excitable neural cell that transfer nerve impulses
Define oligodendrocytee
neurological cell that produces myelin in the brain
Define parenchyma
functional cells of a gland or organ, in contrast with the supportive or connective tissue of a gland or organ
Define primary union
condition of a wound where the wound edges are close enough to be brought together and fastened if necessary, allowing quicker and more thorough healing
Define pseudostratified columnar epithelium
tissue that consists off a single layer of irregularly shaped and sized cells that give the appearance of multiple layers; found in ducts of certain glands and the upper respiratory tract
Define reticular fiber
fine fibrous protein, made of collagen subunits, which cross-link to form supporting “nets” within connective tissue
Define reticular lamina
matrix containing collagen and elastin secreted by connective tissue; a component of the basement membrane
Define reticular tissue
type of loose connective tissue that provides a supportive framework to soft organs, such as lymphatic tissue, spleen, and the liver
Define Schwann cell
neurological cell that produces myelin in the peripheral nervous system
Define secondary union
wound healing facilitated by wound contraction
Define serous gland
group of cells within the serous membrane that secretes a lubricating substance onto the surface
Define serous membrane
type of tissue membrane that lones body cavities and lubricates them with serous fluid
Define simple columnar epithelium
tissue that consists of a single layer of column-like cells; promotes secretion and absorption in tissues and organs
Define simple cuboidal epithelium
tissue that consists of single layer of cube-shaped cells; promotes secretion and absorption in ducts and tubules
Define simple squamous epithelium
tissue that consists of a single layer of flat scale-like cells; promotes diffusion and filtration across surface
Define skeletal muscle
usually attached to bone, under voluntary control, each cells is a fiber that is multinucleated and striated
Define smooth muscle
under involuntary control, moves internal organs, cells contain a single nucleus, are spindle-shaped, and do not appear striated; each cell is a fiber
Define stratified columnar epithelium
tissue that consists of two or more layers of column-like cells; contains glands and is found in some ducts
Define stratified cuboidal epithelium
tissue that consists off two or more layers of cube-shaped cells, found in some ducts
Define stratified squamous epithelium
tissue that cinsists of multiple layers of cells with the most apical being flat scale-like cells; protects surfaces from abrasion
Define striation
alignment of parallel actin and myosin filaments which form a banded pattern
Define supportive connective tissue
type of connective tissue that provides strength to the body and protects soft tissue
Define synovial membrane
connective tissue membrane that lines the cavities of freely movable joints, producing synovial fluid for lubrication
Define tight junction
forms an impermeable barrier between cells
Define tissue
group of cells that are similar in form and perform related functions
Define tissue membrane
thin layer or sheet of cells that covers the outside of the body, organs, and internal cavities
Define totipotent
embryonic cells that have the ability to differentiate into any type of cell and organ in the body
Define transitional epithelium
form of stratified epithelum found in the urinary tract , characterized by an apical layer of cells that change shape in response to the presence of urine
Define vasodilation
widening of blood vessels
Define wound contraction
process whereby the borders of a wound are physically drawn together
