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A & P 1 > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Define adipocytes

A

lipid storage cells

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2
Q

Define adipose tissue

A

specialized areolar tissue right in stored fat

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3
Q

Define anchoring junction

A

mechanically attaches adjacent cells to each other or to the basement membrane

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4
Q

Define apocrine secretion

A

release of a substance along with the apical portion of the cell

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5
Q

Define apoptosis

A

programmed cell death

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6
Q

Define areolar tissue

A

a type of connective tissue proper that shows little specialization with cell dispersed in the matrix ( aka loose connection tissue)

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7
Q

Define astrocytes

A

star-shaped cell in the central nervous system that regulates ions and uptake and/or breakdown of some neurotransmitters and contributes to the formation of the blood-brain barrier

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8
Q

Define atrophy

A

loss of mass and function

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9
Q

Define basal lamina

A

thin extracellular layer that lies underneath epithelial cells and separates them from other tissues

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10
Q

Define basement membrane

A

in epithelial tissue, a thin layer of fibrous material that anchors the epithelial tissue to the underlying connective tissue; made up of the basal lamina and reticular lamina

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11
Q

Define cardiac muscle

A

heart muscle, under involuntary control, composed off striated cells that attach to form fibers, each cell contains a single nucleus, contracts autonomously

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12
Q

Define cell junction

A

point of cell-to-cell contact that connects one cell to another tissue

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13
Q

Define chondrocytes

A

cells of the cartilage

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14
Q

Define clotting

A

also called coagulation; complex process by which blood components form a plug to stop bleeding

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15
Q

Define collagen fiber

A

flexible fibrous proteins that give connection tissue tensile strength

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16
Q

Define connective tissue

A

type of tissue that serve to hold in place, connect and integrate the body’s organs and systems

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17
Q

Define connective tissue membrane

A

connective tissue that encapsulates organs and lines of movable joints

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18
Q

Define connective tissue proper

A

connective tissue containing viscous matrix, fibers and cells

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19
Q

Define cutaneous membrane

A

skin; epithelial tissue made up of a stratified squamous epithelial cells that cover the outside of the body

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20
Q

Define dense connective tissue

A

connective tissue proper that contains many fibers that provide both elasticity and protection

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21
Q

Define ectoderm

A

outer most embryonic germ layer from which the epidermis and the nervous tissue derive

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22
Q

Define elastic collagen

A

type of cartilage, with elastin as the major protein, characterized by rigid support as well as elasticity

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23
Q

Define elastic fiber

A

fibrous protein within connective tissue that contains a high percentage of the protein elastin that allows the fibers to stretch and return to original size

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24
Q

Define endocrine gland

A

groups of cells that release chemical signals into the intercellular fluid to be picked up and transported to their target organs by blood

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25
Q

Define endoderm

A

inner most embryonic germ layer from which most of the digestive system and lower respiratory system derive

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26
Q

Define endothelium

A

tissue that lines vessels off the lymphatic and cardiovascular system, made up of a simple squamous epithelium

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27
Q

Define epithelial membrane

A

epithelial attached to a layer of connective tissue

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28
Q

Define exocrine gland

A

group of epithelial cells that secrete substances through ducts that open to the skin or to internal body surfaces that lead to the exterior of the body

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29
Q

Define fibroblast

A

most abundant cell type in connective tissue, secretes proteins fibers and matrix into the extracellular space

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30
Q

Define fibrocartilage

A

tough form of cartilage , made of thick bundles of collagen fibers embedded in chrondroitin sulfate ground substance

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31
Q

Define fibrocyte

A

less active form of fibroblast

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32
Q

Define fluid connective tissue

A

specialized cells that circulate in a watery fluid containing salts, nutrients, and dissolved proteins

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33
Q

Define gap junction

A

allows cytoplasmic communications to occur between cells

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34
Q

Define goblet cell

A

unicellular gland found in columnar epithelium that secretes mucous

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35
Q

Define ground substance

A

fluid or semi-fluid portion of the matrix

36
Q

Define histamines

A

chemical compound released by mast cells in response to injury that causes vasodilation and endothelium

37
Q

Define histology

A

microscopic study of tissue architecture, organization, and function

38
Q

Define holocrine secretion

A

release of a substance caused by the rupture of a gland cell, which becomes part of the secretion

39
Q

Define hyaline cartilage

A

most common type of cartilage, smooth and made of short collagen fibers embedded in chondrotin sulfate ground substance

40
Q

Define inflammation

A

response of tissue injury

41
Q

Define lacunae

A

small spaces in bones and cartilage tissue that cells occupy (singular = lacuna)

42
Q

Define lamina propria

A

acreolar connective tissue underlying a mucous membrane

43
Q

Define loose connective tissue

A

type of connective tissue proper that shows little specialization with cells dispersed in the matrix (aka areolar tissue)

44
Q

Define matrix

A

extracellular material which is produced by the cells embedded in it, containing ground substance and fibers

45
Q

Define merocrine secretion

A

release of a substance from a gland via exocytosis

46
Q

Define mesenchymal cell

A

adult stem cell from which most connective tissue cells are derived

47
Q

Define mesenchyme

A

embryonic tissue from which connective tissue cells derive

48
Q

Define mesothelium

A

simple squamous epithelial portion of serous membranes

49
Q

Define mucous connective tissue

A

specialized loose connective tissue present in the umbilical cord

50
Q

Define mucous gland

A

groups of cells that secrete mucous, a thick, slippery substance that keeps tissues moist and acts as a lubricant

51
Q

Define mucous membrane

A

tissue membrane that is covered by the protective mucous and lines tissue exposed to the outside environment

52
Q

Define mucous tissue

A

type of tissue that is capable off contracting and generating tension in response to stimulation; produces movement

53
Q

Define myelin

A

layer of fluid inside some nuerological cells that wraps around the axons of some neurons

54
Q

Define myocyte

A

muscle cells

55
Q

Define necrosis

A

accidental death of cells and tissues

56
Q

Define nervous tissue

A

type of tissue that is capable of sending and receiving impulses through electrochemical signals

57
Q

Define neuroglia

A

supportive neural cells

58
Q

Define neurons

A

excitable neural cell that transfer nerve impulses

59
Q

Define oligodendrocytee

A

neurological cell that produces myelin in the brain

60
Q

Define parenchyma

A

functional cells of a gland or organ, in contrast with the supportive or connective tissue of a gland or organ

61
Q

Define primary union

A

condition of a wound where the wound edges are close enough to be brought together and fastened if necessary, allowing quicker and more thorough healing

62
Q

Define pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A

tissue that consists off a single layer of irregularly shaped and sized cells that give the appearance of multiple layers; found in ducts of certain glands and the upper respiratory tract

63
Q

Define reticular fiber

A

fine fibrous protein, made of collagen subunits, which cross-link to form supporting “nets” within connective tissue

64
Q

Define reticular lamina

A

matrix containing collagen and elastin secreted by connective tissue; a component of the basement membrane

65
Q

Define reticular tissue

A

type of loose connective tissue that provides a supportive framework to soft organs, such as lymphatic tissue, spleen, and the liver

66
Q

Define Schwann cell

A

neurological cell that produces myelin in the peripheral nervous system

67
Q

Define secondary union

A

wound healing facilitated by wound contraction

68
Q

Define serous gland

A

group of cells within the serous membrane that secretes a lubricating substance onto the surface

69
Q

Define serous membrane

A

type of tissue membrane that lones body cavities and lubricates them with serous fluid

70
Q

Define simple columnar epithelium

A

tissue that consists of a single layer of column-like cells; promotes secretion and absorption in tissues and organs

71
Q

Define simple cuboidal epithelium

A

tissue that consists of single layer of cube-shaped cells; promotes secretion and absorption in ducts and tubules

72
Q

Define simple squamous epithelium

A

tissue that consists of a single layer of flat scale-like cells; promotes diffusion and filtration across surface

73
Q

Define skeletal muscle

A

usually attached to bone, under voluntary control, each cells is a fiber that is multinucleated and striated

74
Q

Define smooth muscle

A

under involuntary control, moves internal organs, cells contain a single nucleus, are spindle-shaped, and do not appear striated; each cell is a fiber

75
Q

Define stratified columnar epithelium

A

tissue that consists of two or more layers of column-like cells; contains glands and is found in some ducts

76
Q

Define stratified cuboidal epithelium

A

tissue that consists off two or more layers of cube-shaped cells, found in some ducts

77
Q

Define stratified squamous epithelium

A

tissue that cinsists of multiple layers of cells with the most apical being flat scale-like cells; protects surfaces from abrasion

78
Q

Define striation

A

alignment of parallel actin and myosin filaments which form a banded pattern

79
Q

Define supportive connective tissue

A

type of connective tissue that provides strength to the body and protects soft tissue

80
Q

Define synovial membrane

A

connective tissue membrane that lines the cavities of freely movable joints, producing synovial fluid for lubrication

81
Q

Define tight junction

A

forms an impermeable barrier between cells

82
Q

Define tissue

A

group of cells that are similar in form and perform related functions

83
Q

Define tissue membrane

A

thin layer or sheet of cells that covers the outside of the body, organs, and internal cavities

84
Q

Define totipotent

A

embryonic cells that have the ability to differentiate into any type of cell and organ in the body

85
Q

Define transitional epithelium

A

form of stratified epithelum found in the urinary tract , characterized by an apical layer of cells that change shape in response to the presence of urine

86
Q

Define vasodilation

A

widening of blood vessels

87
Q

Define wound contraction

A

process whereby the borders of a wound are physically drawn together

A & P 1 (10 decks)

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