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A & P 1 > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Define active transport

A

form of transport across the cell membrane that requires input of cellular energy

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2
Q

Define amphipathic

A

describes a molecule that exhibits a difference in polarity between its two ends, resulting in a difference in water solubility

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3
Q

Define anaphase

A

third stage of mitosis (and meiosis) during which sister chromatids separate into two new nuclear regions of a dividing cell

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4
Q

Define anticodon

A

consecutive sequence of three nucleotides on a tRNA molecule that is complementary to a specific codon on an mRNA molecule

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5
Q

Define autolysis

A

breakdown of cells by their own enzymatic action

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6
Q

Define autophagy

A

lysosomal breakdown of a cell’s own components

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7
Q

Define cell cycle

A

life cycle of a single cell, from its birth until its division into two new daughter cells

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8
Q

Define cell membrane

A

membrane surrounding all animal cells, composed of a lipid bilayer interspersed with various molecules; also known as plasma membrane

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9
Q

Define centriole

A

small, self-replicating organelle that provides the origin for microtubule growth and moves DNA during cell division

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10
Q

Define centromere

A

region of attachment for two sister chromatids

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11
Q

Define centrosome

A

cellular structure that organizes microtubules during cell division

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12
Q

Define channel protein

A

membrane-spanning protein that has an inner pore which allows the passage of one or more substances

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13
Q

Define checkpoint

A

progress point in the cell cycle during which certain conditions must be met in order for the cell to proceed to a subsequence phase

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14
Q

Define chromatin

A

substance consisting of DNA and associated proteins

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15
Q

Define chromosome

A

condensed version of chromatin

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16
Q

Define cilia

A

small appendage on certain cells formed by microtubules and modified for movement of materials across the cellular surface

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17
Q

Define cleavage furrow

A

contractile ring that forms around a cell during cytokinesis that pinches the cell into two halves

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18
Q

Define codon

A

consecutive sequence of three nucleotides on an mRNA molecule that corresponds to a specific amino acid

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19
Q

Define concentration gradient

A

difference in the concentration of a substance between two regions

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20
Q

Define cyclin

A

one of a group of proteins that function in the progression of the cell cycle

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21
Q

Define cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)

A

one of a group of enzymes associated with cyclins that help them perform their functions

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22
Q

Define cytokinesis

A

final stage in cell division, where the cytoplasm divides to form two separate daughter cells

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23
Q

Define cytoplasm

A

internal material between the cell membrane and nucleus of a cell, mainly consisting of a water-based fluid called cytosol, within which are all the other organelles and cellular solute and suspended materials

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24
Q

Define cytoskeleton

A

“skeleton” of a cell: formed by rod-like proteins that support that cell’s shape and provide, among other functions, locomotive abilities

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25
Q

Define diffusion

A

movement of a substance from an area of higher concentration to one of lower concentration

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26
Q

Define diploid

A

(of cell or nuclues) two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent

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27
Q

Define DNA polymerase

A

enzyme that functions in adding new nucelotides to a growing strand of DNA during DNA replication

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28
Q

Define DNA replication

A

process of duplicating a molecule of DNA

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29
Q

Define electrical gradient

A

difference in the electrical charge (potential) between two regions

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30
Q

Define endocytosis

A

import of material into the cell by formation of a membrane-bound vesicle

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31
Q

Define endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

A

cellular organelles that consists of interconnected membrane-bound vesicle

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32
Q

Define exocytosis

A

export of a substance out of a cell by formation of a membrane-bound vesicle

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33
Q

Define exon

A

one of the coding regions of an mRNA molecule that remain after splicing

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34
Q

Define extracellular fluid (ECF)

A

fluid exterior to cells: includes the interstital fluid, blood plasma, and fluid found in other reservoirs in the body

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35
Q

Define facilitated diffusion

A

diffusion of a substance with the aid of a membrane protein

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36
Q

Define flagellum

A

appendage on certain cells formed by microtubules and modified for movement

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37
Q

Define G(0) phase

A

phase of the cell cycle, usually entered from the G(1) phase; characterized by long or permanent periods where the cell does not move forward into the DNA synthesis phase

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38
Q

Define G(1)

A

first phase of the cell cycle, after a new cell is born

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39
Q

Define G(2)

A

third phase of the cell cycle, after the DNA synthesis phase

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40
Q

Define gene

A

functional length of DNA that provides the genetic information necessary to build a protein

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41
Q

Define gene expression

A

active interpretation of the information coded in a gene to produce a functional gene product

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42
Q

Define genome

A

organisms complete set of DNA

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43
Q

Define glycocalyx

A

coating of sugar molecules that surrounds the cell membrane

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44
Q

Define glycoprotein

A

protein that has one or more carbohydrates attached

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45
Q

Define Golgi apparatus

A

cellular organelle formed by a series of flattened, membrane-bound sacs that functions in protein modification, tagging, packaging, and transport

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46
Q

Define helicase

A

enzyme that functions to separate the two DNA strands of a double helix during DNA replication

47
Q

Define histone

A

family of proteins that associate with DNA int he nucleus to form chromatin

48
Q

Define homologous

A

describes two copies of the same chromosome (not identical), one inherited from each parent

49
Q

Define hydrophilic

A

describe a substance or structure attracted to water

50
Q

Define hydrophobic

A

describes a substance or structure repelled by water

51
Q

Define hypertonic

A

describes a solution of concentration that is lower than a reference concentration

52
Q

Define hypotonic

A

describes a solution concentration that is lower than a reference concentration

53
Q

Define integral protein

A

membrane-associated protein that spans the entire width off the lipid bilayer

54
Q

Define intermediate filament

A

type of cytoskeletal filament made of keratin, characterized by an intermediate thickness, and playing a role in resisting cellular tension

55
Q

Define interphase

A

entire life cycle of a cell, excluding mitosis

56
Q

Define interstitial fluid (ICF)

A

fluid in the cytosol of cells

57
Q

Define intron

A

non-coding regions of a pre-mRNA transcript that may be removed during splicing

58
Q

Define isotonic

A

describes a solution concentration that is the same as a reference concentration

59
Q

Define kinetochore

A

region of a centromere where microtubules attach to a pair of sister chromatids

60
Q

Define ligand

A

molecule the binds with specificity to a specific receptor molecule

61
Q

Define lysosome

A

membrane-bound cellular organelle originating from the Golgi apparatus and containing digestive enzymes

62
Q

Define messenger RNA (mRNA)

A

nucleotide molecule that serves as an intermediate in the genetic code between DNA and protein

63
Q

Define metaphase

A

second stage of mitosis (and meiosis), characterized by the linear alignment of sister chromatids in the center of the cell

64
Q

Define metaphase plate

A

linear alignment of sister chromatids in the center of the cell, which takes place during metaphase

65
Q

Define microfilament

A

the thinnest of the cytoskeletal filaments; composed of actin subunits that function in muscle contraction and cellular structural support

66
Q

Define microtuble

A

the thickest of the cytoskeletal filaments, composed off tubulin subunits that function in cellular movement and structural support

67
Q

Define mictochondrion

A

one of the cellular organelles bound by a double lipid bilayer that function primarily in the production of cellular energy (ATP)

68
Q

Define mitosis

A

division of genetic material , during which the cell nucleus breaks down and two new, fully functional, nuclei are formed

69
Q

Define mitotic phase

A

phase of the cell cycle in which a cell undergoes mitosis

70
Q

Define mutlipotent

A

stem cell that have the capacity to self-renew by dividing and to develop into multiple specialized cell types present in a specific tissue or organ

71
Q

Define mutation

A

change in the nucleotide sequence in a gene within a cell’s DNA

72
Q

Define mitotic spindle

A

network of microtubules, originating from centrioles that arranges and pulls apart chromosomes during mitosis

73
Q

Define nuclear envelope

A

membrane that surrounds the nucleus; consisting of a double lipid-bilayer

74
Q

Define nuclear pore

A

one of the small, protein-lined openings found scattered throughout the nuclear envelope

75
Q

Define nucleolus

A

small region of the nucleus that functions in ribosome synthesis

76
Q

Define nucleosome

A

unit of chromatin consisting of a DNA strand wrapped around histone proteins

77
Q

Define nucleus

A

cell’s central organelle; contains the cell’s DNA

78
Q

Define oligopotent

A

describes the condition of being more specialized than mulitpotency; have ability to transform into a limited number of several other types of cells

79
Q

Define organelle

A

any of several different types of membrane-enclosed specialized structures in the cell that perform specific functions for the cell

80
Q

Define osmosis

A

diffusion of water molecules down their concentration gradient across a selectively permeable membrane

81
Q

Define passive transport

A

form of transport across the cell membrane that does not require input of cellular energy

82
Q

Define peripheral protein

A

protein that does not span the width of the lipid bilayer, but is attached peripherally to integral proteins, membrane lipids or other components of the membrane

83
Q

Define peroxisome

A

membrane-bound organelle that contains enzymes primarily responsible for detoxifying harmful substances

84
Q

Define phagocytosis

A

endocyotsis of large particles

85
Q

Define pinocytosis

A

endocytosis of fluid

86
Q

Define pluripotent

A

describes the condition of being able to differentiate into a large variety of cell types except those that form a placenta or embryo

87
Q

Define polypeptide

A

chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds

88
Q

Define polyribosome

A

group of ribosomes bound to an mRNA molecule like “beads” on a “thread”. Involved in peptide synthesis

89
Q

Define promoter

A

region of DNA that signals transcription to begin as that site within the gene

90
Q

Define prophase

A

first stage of mitosis (and meiosis), characterized by breakdown of the nuclear envelope and condensing of the chromatin to form chromosomes

91
Q

Define proteome

A

entire set of proteins expressed by a cell, tissue, or organism

92
Q

Define reactive oxygen species (ROS)

A

a group of extremely reactive peroxides and oxygen-containing radicals that may contribute to cellular damage

93
Q

Define receptor

A

protein molecule that contains a binding a site for another specific molecule (called a ligand)

94
Q

Define receptor-mediated endocytosis

A

endocytosis of ligands attached to membrane-bound receptors

95
Q

Define ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

A

RNA that makes up the subunits of a ribosome

96
Q

Define ribosome

A

cellular organelle that functions in protein synthesis

97
Q

Define RNA polymerase

A

enzyme that unwinds DNA and then adds new nucelotides to a growing strand of RNA for the transcription phase of protein synthesis

98
Q

Define S phase

A

stage of the cell-cycle during which DNA replication occurs

99
Q

Define selective permeability

A

feature or any barrier that allows to certain substances to cross but excludes others

100
Q

Define sister chromatid

A

one of a pair of identical chromosomes, formed during DNA replication

101
Q

Define sodium-potassium pump

A

membrane-embedded protein pump that uses ATP to move Na+ out of a cell and K+ into the cell

102
Q

Define somatic cell

A

all cells of the body excluding gamete cells

103
Q

Define spliceosome

A

complex of the enzymes that serves to splice out the introns of a pre-mRNA transcript

104
Q

Define splicing

A

the process of modifying a pre-mRNA transcript by removing certain, typically non-coding, regions

105
Q

Define stem cell

A

cell that is oligo-, mutli-, or pleuripotent that has the ability to produce additional stem cells rather than becoming further specialized

106
Q

Define telophase

A

final stage of mitosis (and meiosis), preceding cytokinesis, characterized by the formation of two new daughter nuclei

107
Q

Define totipotent

A

embyronic cells that have the ability to differentiate into any type of cell and organ in the body

108
Q

Define transcription

A

process of producing an mRNA molecule that is complementary to a particular gene of DNA

109
Q

Define transcription factor

A

one of the proteins that regulate the transcription of genes

110
Q

Define transfer RNA (tRNA)

A

molecules of RNA that serve to bring amino acids to a growing polypeptide strand and properly place them into the sequence

111
Q

Define translation

A

process of producing a protein from the nucleotide sequence code of an mRNA transcript

112
Q

Define triplet

A

consecutive sequence of three nucleotides on a DNA molecule that, when transcribed into an mRNA codon, corresponds to a particular amino acid

113
Q

Define unipotent

A

describes the condition of being committed to a single specialized cell type

114
Q

Define vesicle

A

membrane-bound structure that contains materials within or outside of the cell

A & P 1 (10 decks)

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