Chapter 1 Flashcards
Define Abdominopelvic cavity
division off the anterior (ventral) cavity that houses the abdominal and pelvic viscera
Define Anabolism
assembly of more complex molecules from simpler molecules
Define Anatomical Position
Standard reference position used for describing locations and directions on the human body
Define Anatomy
Science that studies the form and composition off the body’s structures
Define Anterior
Describes the front or direction toward the front of the body: also referred to as ventral
Define Anterior Cavity
Large body cavity located anterior to the posterior (dorsal) body cavity;includes the serous membrane-lined pleural cavities for the lungs, pericardial cavity for the heart and peritoneal` cavity for the abdominal and pelvic organs; also referred to as ventral cavity
Define catabolism
breaking down of more complex molecules into simpler molecules
Define caudal
describes a position below or lower than another part off the body proper; near or toward the tail (in humans, the coccyx, or lowest part off the spinal column); also referred to as inferior
Define cell
Smallest independently functioning unit of all organisms; in animals, a cell contains cytoplasm, composed of fluid and organelles
Define computer tomography (CT)
Series of x-ray images taken from different angles around your body and use computer processing to create cross sectional images of the bones
Define control center
compares values to their normal range: deviations cause the activation of an effector
Define cranial
describes a position above or higher than another part off the body proper: also referred to as superior
Define cranial cavity
division of the posterior (dorsal) cavity that houses the brain
Define deep
describes a position farther from the surface off the body
Define development
Changes an organism goes through during its life
Define differentiation
process by which unspecialized cells become specialized in structure and function
Define distal
describes a position farther from the point of attachment or the trunk of the body
Define dorsal
describes the back or direction toward the back of the body; also referred to as posterior
Define dorsal cavity
posterior body cavity that houses the brain and spinal cord; also referred to the posterior body cavity
Define effector
organ that can cause a change in a value
Define frontal plane
two-dimensional, vertical plane that divides the body or organ into anterior and posterior portions
Define gross anatomy
study of the larger structures of the body, typically with the unaided eye; also referred to as macroscopic anatomy
Define growth
process of increasing in size
Define homeostasis
Steady state of body systems that living organisms maintain
Define inferior
describes a position blow or lower that another part of the body proper; near or toward the tail (in humans, the coccyx, or lowest part o the spinal column); also referred to as caudal
Define lateral
describes the side or direction toward the side of the body
Define magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Uses large magnet and radio waves to look at organs and structures inside your body such as torn ligaments, tendons, brain or spinal cord
Define medial
describes the middle or direction toward the middle of the body
Define metabolism
sum of all the body’s chemical reactions
Define microscopic anatomy
study of very small structures of the body using magnification
Define negative feedback
homeostatic mechanism that tends to stabilize an upset in the body’s physiological condition by preventing an excessive response to a stimulus, typically as the stimulus is removed
Define normal range
range of values around the set point that do not cause a reaction by the control center
Define nutrient
chemical obtained from foods and beverages that is critical to human survival
Define organ
functionally distinct structure composed o two or more types of tissues
Define organ system
group of organs that work together to carry out a particular function
Define organism
living being that ha a cellular structure and that can independently perform all physiologic functions necessary for life
Define pericardium
sac that encloses the heart
Define peritoneum
serous membrane that lines the abdominopelvic cavity and covers the organs found here
Define physiology
science that studies the chemistry, biochemistry, and physics of the body’s functions
Define plane
imaginary two-dimensional surface that passes through the body
Define pleura
serous membrane that lines the pleural cavity and covers the lungs
Define positive feedback
mechanism that intensifies a change in the body’s physiological condition in response to a stimulus
Define positron emission tomography(PET)
Uses radioactive substances to visualize and measure metabolic process in the body
Define posterior
describes the back or direction toward the back of the body; also referred to as dorsal
Define posterior cavity
posterior body cavity that houses the brain and spinal cord: also referred to as a dorsal cavity
Define pressure
force exerted by a substance in contact with another substance
Define prone
face down
Define Proximal
describes a position nearer to the point of attachment or the trunk of the body
Define regional anatomy
study of the structures that contribute to specific body regions
Define renewal
process by which worn-out cells are replaced
Define reproduction
process by which new organisms are generated
Define responsiveness
ability off an organisms or a system to adjust to changes in conditons
Define sagittal plane
two-dimensional, vertical plane that divides the body or organ into right and left sides
Define section
in anatomy, a single flat surface of three-dimensional structure that has been cut through
Define sensor
(also, receptor) reports a monitored physiological value to the control center
Define serosa
membrane that covers organs and reduces friction; also referred to as serous membrane
Define serous membrane
membrane that cover organs and reduces friction; also referred to as serosa
Define set point
ideal value for a physiological parameter; the level or small range within with a physiological parameter such as blood pressure is stable and optimally healthful, that is, within its parameters of homeostasis
Define spinal cavity
division of the dorsal cavity that houses the spinal cord; also referred to as vertebral cavity
Define superficial
describes a position nearer to the surface of the body
Define superior
describes a position above or higher than another part of the body proper; also referred to as cranial
Define supine
face up
Define systemic anatomy
study of the structures that contribute to specific body systems
Define thoracic cavity
division of the anterior (ventral) cavity that houses the heart, lungs, esophagus and trachea
Define tissue
group of similar or closely related cells that act together to perform a specific function
Define transverse plane
two-dimensional, horizontal place that divides the body or organ into superior and inferior portions
Define Ultasonography
A procedure that uses high energy bound waves to look at tissues and organs inside of the body
Define ventral
describes the front or direction toward the front of the body; also referred to as anterior
Define ventral cavity
larger body cavity located anterior to the posterior (dorsal) body cavity; includes the serous membrane-lined pleural cavities for the lungs’ pericardial cavity for the heart, and peritoneal cavity for abdominal and pelvic organs; also referred to as anterior body cavity
Define x-ray
Type of radiation called electromagnetic waves and imaging creates pictures of the inside of the body
