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Psyc 375 > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Social life entails the mutual exchange of desirable rewards with others. A process called:

A

Social exchange

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2
Q

What are some of the most important costs in a relationship?

A

Psychological burdens: uncertainty about where a relationship is headed, frustration over your partner’s imperfections, regret about all the things you don’t get to do because you’re in that relationship.

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3
Q

The rewards and costs associated with a particular interaction is called: ______. This describes the net profit or less a person encounters.

A

Outcomes

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4
Q

What is one of the major insights of interdependence theory?

A

Its suggestion that whether your outcomes are positive or negative isn’t nearly as important as how they compare to two criteria with which we evaluate the outcomes we receive.

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5
Q

What are the 2 criterions involved in the interdependence theory?

A
  1. Involves our expectations

2. Involves our perceptions of how well we could manage without our current partner

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6
Q

Interdependence theory assumes that each of us has an idiosyncratic ______ that describes the value of the outcomes that we believe we deserve in our dealings with others.

A

comparison level

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7
Q

What are our comparison levels based on?

A

On our past experiences. Ppl who have a history of highly rewarding partnerships are likely to have highly rewarding partnerships have high CLs. They expect and feel they deserve very good outcomes.

It’s on a continuum- CLs the standards by which our satisfaction with a relationship is measured.

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8
Q

What is the CL ‘math’?

A

Outcomes - CL = Satisfaction or Dissatisfaction

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9
Q

What is the term that we use in the interdependence theory that determines whether we could be doing even better somewhere else.

A

Comparison level for alternatives (CLalt)

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10
Q

What does your CLalt describe?

A

It describes the outcomes you’d receive by leaving your current relationship and moving to the best alternative partnership or situation you have available. CLalt is the lowest levels of outcome we will tolerate from our present partners. it is the DEPENDENCE on our relationship.

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11
Q

What is the term used for what we have in a present relationship, the things we would lose if the relationship were to end.

A

Investments- also influences whether we would stay or go.

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12
Q

What is a complication of CLalt?

A

That it’s what the person thinks it is. Self-esteem influences it. also if someone has been a stay at home parent for years they will more likely have less info about potential alternatives.

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13
Q

Ppl who get a divorce have probably been unhappy for a long time. What changes and creates the people do make the change?

A

Something changes. Their CLalts finally come to exceed their current outcomes. Or the apparent costs of ending the marriage may decrease (raising one’s CLalt).

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14
Q

What are the 3 key elements of social exchange?

A

Ppl’s outcomes, comparison levels (CLs) and comparison levels for alternatives (CLalts)

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15
Q

When ppl’s outcomes exceed their expectations (CLs) they are…

A

they are satisfied

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16
Q

When ppl aren’t doing as well as they expected (outcomes are lower than CL)

A

they are dissatisfied.

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17
Q

When ppl’s current outcomes are better than those they could get elsewhere (when their outcomes exceed their CLalts)

A

They depend on their current partners and are unlikely to leave.

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18
Q

If a person’s outcomes from their current partners get worse than those that can be readily obtained elsewhere… (outcomes fall below their CLalts)

A

they will be independent and will be likely to depart.

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19
Q

A nuance of sosial exchange, the _____________ suggests that the partner who depends less on a relationship has more power in that relationship. OR the person with less to lose by ending a desired partnership gets to call the shots

A

Principle of lesser interest.

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20
Q

Does the interdependence theory predict that we will stay blissfully happy if we are in the perfect relationship?

A

No- it says we will get used to whatever we are getting. Our CLs tend to fluctuate along with the outcomes we receive. When we first encounter excellent outcomes we’re happy but then we start to take them for granted and our CLs rise.

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21
Q

Are American marriages happier or worse than in the rest of history?

A

They are less happy than 30 years ago- our higher CLs may be apart of it. We expect fairytales.

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22
Q

What has changed culturally that influences happiness of relationships?

A

CLalts have increased. Women are working and so have more opportunities and understanding of what is out there. Ppl are more mobile. Theres online daying

23
Q

What is the rewards to cost ratio we require in a relationship to stay satisfied?

A

5 to 1

24
Q

Ppl of what type of attachment styles are particularly likely to miss some of the positive behaviours their partners perform?

A

Ppl with dismissing or fearful attachment styles. Another complication is that ppl might disagree of the meaning and value of the rewards they exchange.

25
Q

What 2 things do we try to do in our close relationships according to Shelly Gable and co?

A
  1. We try to obtain rewards b/c they feel good (approach motivation)
  2. We try to avoid costs- try to avoid punishment (avoidance motivation)
    * these are not the same things- they have different pathways in our brain too!
26
Q

Model of human motivation that holds that we are attracted to partnerships that expand the range of our interests, skills and experience

A

Self-expansion model

27
Q

What does the self-expansion model say of length of relationships?

A

It explains why new relationships are so exciting: there are new perspectives involved, new talents and newfound intimacy. but self expansion shows once the partner becomes familiar.

28
Q

What is the key to staying happy according to the self-expansion model?

A

To combat boredom by creatively finding ways to continue your personal growth. Not only should you continually seek out novel activities and challenges, consider the value of intentionally inventing new ways to play and have fun and laugh together during your daily routine.

29
Q

According to a model of _________ we should expect a period of adjustment and turmoil and new partners spend more and more time together, they disrupt each others’ routines. Instead of waiting to be asked out on a date one of the partners might assume they’ll spend the weekend together- interfering with the other’s plans.

A

Relational turbulence.

30
Q

Is it more problematic for males or women if they have lasting doubts about getting married?

A

Women with reservations about marrying are 2.5x more likely to divorce later than those without doubts. Men are only 1.5x

31
Q

What is the general trend of experiences of delight for married couples?

A

It declines. However, 1 in every 4 don’t experience any decline in delight at all.

32
Q

What are 5 reasons for why satisfaction goes down with marriage?

A
  1. LACK OF EFFORT- We become lazy (eg. will fart at the dinner table)
  2. INTERDEPENDENCY IS A MAGNIFYING GLASS- We see them all the time/closest with them so that can cause frustration
  3. ACCESS TO WEAPONRY- They know so much about us- can say something that really hurts
  4. UNWELCOME SURPRISES- There will be surprises about the partner that you didn’t know (eg. fatal attractions)
  5. UNREALISTIC EXPECTATIONS
33
Q

What does interdependence theory suggest that people should do when in the quest for good outcomes?

A

They should be kind and treat their partners well- this will make them want to treat them better as well!!

34
Q

In _______ people do favours for others expecting to be repaid by receiving comparable benefits in return.

A

Exchange relationships

35
Q

In _______ the partners feel a special concern for the other’s WB and they provide favours and support to one another without expecting repayment.

A

Communal relationships

36
Q

_______ is the motivation to be responsive to a partner’s needs.

A

Communal strength. As this increases, ppl enjoy making small sacrifices for their partners and their spouses are more satisfied with their marriages.

37
Q

What do equity theorists extend the framework of social exchange to say?

A

To assert that ppl are most satisfied in relationships in which there is proportional justice- aka ea/ partner gains benefits from the relationship that are proportional to his/her contributions to it.

38
Q

When is a relationship fair according to equity theorists?

A

When a partner who is contributing more also receives more.

39
Q

Do equity theorists think that partners who are over benefited will be distressed?

A

Yes- they will feel guilt.

40
Q

3 things you can do to restore equity.

A
  1. Restore actual equity by changing you/your partner’s contributions/outcomes.
  2. Psychological equity- change your perceptions and decide it is actually equitable.
  3. Abandon the relationship and find fairness somewhere else.
41
Q

Are people who are concerned about fairness happier?

A

No they actually are less happy.

42
Q

What are the 2 most sensitive areas in which equity appears to be advisable ?

A
  1. Household tasks

2. Child care

43
Q

What is the possible most important reason why research results are mixed?

A

Perhaps that equity is a salient issue when ppl are dissatisfied, but only minor when ppl are content.

44
Q

What are 3 components on commitment that are apparent from the commitment scale?

A
  1. Committed couples expect their relationships to continue.
  2. They hold a LT view- foreseeing a future that their partner is in.
  3. They are psych attached to their partner so they are happier when their partner is happier too.
45
Q

According to the _______ commitment emerges from all of the elements of social exchanges that are associated with ppl’s CL and CLalts.

A

Investment model

46
Q

What does the investment model say about commitment?

A

commitment emerges from all of the elements of social exchanges that are associated with ppl’s CL and CLalts. Ppl will wish to remain with their partner when they’re happy or when there is no desirable place for them to go or if the stakes of leaving are too high.

47
Q

What are 3 components of the investment model?

A
  1. Satisfaction increases commitment and then they want to continue it.
  2. But ppl who have enticing alternatives are intrigued and might want to leave. But ppl don’t always leave if the cost is too high.
  3. Size of one’s investments in the relationship- lots of investment increases commitment.
48
Q

What are the 3 types of commitment according to Michael Johnson?

A
  1. Personal commitment- when ppl want to continue a relationship b/c they are attracted to their partners and the relationship is satisfying. ** often the strongest of the 3 **
  2. Constraint commitment- when ppl feel they have to continue a relationship bc it would be too costly for them to leave.
  3. Moral commitment- moral obligation to one’s partner/relationship. Often religious.
49
Q

What is the most important consequence of commitment?

A

It leads ppl to take action to protect and maintain a relationship even when it is costly for them to do so. Ppl make accommodation- tolerating destructive behaviours. Alos have a greater willingness to sacrifice their own self-interests for the good of the relationship.

50
Q

Committed ppl exhibit ______ they think their relationship is better than others’. They think that they enjoy more rewards and suffer fewer costs than other ppl encounter in their relationships.

A

Perceived superiority.

51
Q

What are 3 relationship maintenance mechanisms?

A
  1. Accommodation- ppl refrain from responding to provocation from their partners w similar ire of their own.
  2. Willingness to sacrifice- their own self-interests for the good of the relationship. They do things they wouldn’t if they were on their own.
  3. Perceived superiority- think their relationship is the best.
52
Q

Comparing ppl’s CLs and CLalts with their outcomes yields 4 different relationship states…

A
  1. Happy and stable
  2. Happy and unstable
  3. Unhappy and stable
  4. Unhappy and unstable
53
Q

Marital satisfaction usually decreases over the first years of marriage. Why?

A

May be due to the partners’ (1) lack of effort and to the manner in which (2) interdependence magnifies small irritations, and to other routine influences such as (3) unwelcome surprises and (4) unrealistic expectations

Psyc 375 (14 decks)

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