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Psyc 375 > Chapter 12 > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Flashcards

1
Q

Social ___ is the ability to influence the behaviour of others and to resist their influence on us.

A

Power

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2
Q

What is the most widely adopted perspective to analyze social power?

A

Interdependence theory

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3
Q

From an interdependency perspective power is based on…

A

the control of valuable resources. If I control access to something you want, you’ll probably be motivated to comply with my wishes so that i’ll let you get it- then i’ll have pwr over you.

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4
Q

Do you have to possess the desired resources to have pwr?

A

No- it is enough that he/she controls access to them. (and only if the other person wants it)

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5
Q

the principle ______ holds that in any partnership, the person who has power in that partnership.

A

Principle of lesser interest

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6
Q

What are 2 reasons for why men who work out of home and their wives don’t usually have more power?

A
  1. b/c they encounter larger numbers of pother potential partners
  2. they’re more likely to have the money to pursue them if they wish
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7
Q

2 different broad types of power in interdependence theory.

A
  1. fate control

2. behaviour control

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8
Q

One can determine what outcomes a partner receives, thereby controlling the other’s fate. Eg. when she is his only option, a woman who refuses to have sex with her husband. She can unilaterally decide if sex is going to happen.

A

Fate control

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9
Q

Fate control

A

One can determine what outcomes a partner receives, thereby controlling the other’s fate. Eg. when she is his only option, a woman who refuses to have sex with her husband. She can unilaterally decide if sex is going to happen.

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10
Q

By changing one’s actions one encourages a partner to alter his or her actions in a desirable direction too. Eg a woman offers a backrub to husband for cleaning garage- she’s encouraging this.

A

Behaviour control

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11
Q

Behaviour control

A

By changing one’s actions one encourages a partner to alter his or her actions in a desirable direction too. Eg a woman offers a backrub to husband for cleaning garage- she’s encouraging this.

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12
Q

Both partners have power over ea/ other one partner’s power over the other may be matched by the other’s ____ over the one.

A

Counterpower

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13
Q

_______ and _______ powers refer to a person’s ability to bestow various rewards and punishments on someone else.

A

Reward pwr and coercive pwr. The benefits and costs involved can be physical or material goods

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14
Q

_____ pwe exists when our partners believe that we have a reasonable right to tell them what to do and they have an obligation to comply.

A

Legitimate power

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15
Q

3 social norms that play a role in legitimate power.

A
  1. Reciprocity- encourages us to do unto others as they have done unto us.
  2. Equity- eg. if your partner does extra housework lately- an invitation to fold some laundry might be difficult to decline.
  3. Social responsibility- urges us to be generous to those who depend on us.
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16
Q

We have _____ power over our partners when they adore us and wish to do what we want because they feel connected to us. Our wishes may change our partner’s preferences about what they want to do when they love is and want to stay close to us.

A

Referent power.

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17
Q

____ pwr exists when our partners recognize our superior knowledge and experience and are influenced by us because we know more than they do. Eg. cooking.

A

Expert power.

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18
Q

____ power when we have specific pieces of info that influence our partner’s behaviour. Our partner may do what we want when we share gossip with them.

A

Informational power.

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19
Q

3 reasons for why when heterosexual rs who seek equal power are swimming upstream against long-standing traditions.

A
  1. M and W generally face a disparity in relative resources. Men get pain more.
  2. Social norms- men work powerful jobs- pilots, surgeons etc.
  3. We don’t know what equality looks like. Women have more constant household tasks- 18 hrs c/w 10 hrs of a man.
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20
Q

______ resources can be exchanged with almost anyone in a wide variety of situations and whoever controls them has considerable freedom in deciding what to do with them and with whom.

A

Universalistic resources

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21
Q

____ resources are valuable in some situations but not in others, and they may confer power to their owner only with particular partners. A partner’s love for you may give you referent power over them and no one else, while a large pile of cash gives you power over almost anyone.

A

Particularistic resources

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22
Q

Powerful ppl and their perceived mate value.

A

They think of ppl being more sexually available and stage more flirtatious interactions with them than lesser pwr ppl. In the workplace they are more adulterous- 25% more likely to cheat.

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23
Q

Powerful ppl and the E

A

more likely to draw the E in their way of reading it

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24
Q

Correlations with being powerless.

A

depression, behave more cautiously and timidly fear more punishment than pwrful ppl.

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25
Q

4 elements of equality in close relationships.

A
  1. Relative status
  2. Attention to others
  3. Patterns of accommodation
  4. Well-Being
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26
Q

How do women behave differently when conversing with a man or woman?

A

They allow men to interrupt them more than they would let a woman. (And men do it way more than women do)

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27
Q

How does interrupting and power interact?

A

The more someone interrupts the more power they have.

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28
Q

What happens when people take up more space when in a room?

A

Their testosterone lvls rise and they take bolder risks in gambling.

29
Q

4 nonverbal behaviours that ppl with more power do.

A
  1. use larger interpersonal distances
  2. display more intense facial expressions
  3. assume postures that are less symmetrical
  4. take up more space
30
Q

Do ppl with higher pwr or lower take in more nonverbal sensitivity?

A

low pwr- usually the woman. the lower person can gain more admiration/liking when they watch carefully what the parent does.

31
Q

when ask “how do I get my partner to do what I want?” what was found? (2 themes)

A

Ppl were either direct or indirect when asking for something. The other was the extent to which ppl sought their own goals through interaction with their partners (vs doing something by themselves)

32
Q

How does happiness relate to ppl’s directives when asking something of their partner.

A

Ppl were either direct or indirect when asking. The more satisfied ppl were with their rs the more likely they were to use direct tactics.

33
Q

When ppl reason or bargain with their partner in efforts to persuade them to provide some desired outcome. When ppl seek cooperation or collaboration from partner.

A

bilateral action

34
Q

When ppl do what they want without involving their partners.

A

unilateral action

35
Q

How does bilateral vs unilateral action relate to power?

A

Ppl who reported that they were more powerful than their partners said they frequently used bilateral strategies- but ppl with less power used unilateral strategies. aka ppl who were able to influence their partners successfully could reason and negotiate.

36
Q

How does power and instrumentality relate to one another?

A

ppl who are high in instrumentality (assertive, self-confident ppl) tend to use direct bilateral styles of power

37
Q

The different styles of influence exhibited by heterosexual M and W in their rom relationships are products of…

A

the routine differences in the relative resources in those partnerships. M and W do not differ in their power preferences in their same-sex partnerships, and women can be just as direct as men when that style pays off for them.

38
Q

4 outcomes that arise when power is shared in a heterosexual rs.

A
  1. happiness- both are happier
  2. conflict- decreases a lot
  3. problems- decreases a lot
  4. divorce proneness- decreases
39
Q

A scale that looks at violent behaviour towards a partner and takes into account how much harm is intended.

A

Conflict tactics scale

40
Q

How many men and women have encountered sever physical violence by an intimate partner.

A

W- 1 of every 4 US
M- 1 of every 7 US
in the world 30% of W

41
Q

Of several hundreds of divorce cases in Tucson how many included physical abuse? Psyc aggression?

A

Physical- 75%

Psyc- 95%

42
Q

3 major types of violence in rom rel.

A
  1. Situational couple violence
  2. Intimate terrorism
  3. Violent resistance
43
Q

Type of rr violence that typically erupts from heated conflicts that get out of hand. It occurs when both partners are angry and is tied to a specific argument- so it is occasional and mild. Often mutual.

A

Situational couple violence (SCV)

44
Q

type of rr violence where one partner uses violence as a tool to control and oppress the other. Physical force may be just one tactic among threats, isolation and economic subordination. Usually 1 sides and is more likely to escalate over time and involve serious injury to the person.

A

Intimate terrorism (IT)

45
Q

Couple violence where a person fights back against intimate terrorism. This is the least common.

A

Violent resistance

46
Q

Which form of IPV is most likely for a spouse to seek shelter elsewhere.

A

Intimate terrorism- 89% M

47
Q

When IPV occurs what is the order of likelihood of it happening?

A

It is usually situational couple violence, occasionally intimate terrorism and only sometimes violent resistance.

48
Q

Ppl work to regulate and control our partners’ access to potential rivals and vv. Eg. monopolizing their time so they don’t have time to stray. Vigilance and surveillance- dropping by unexpectedly.

A

Mate-guarding

49
Q

Which IPVs are M or W most likely to engage in?

A

M and W are equally as likely to engage in impulsive situational couple violence. Intimate terrorism is usually done by mate- therefore violent resistance is usually by women.

50
Q

Are M or W more likely to engage in intimate violence?

A

W are more likely to be physically violent than their partner. BUT they are much more mild. Men are more likely to choke or strangle or beat up their partner- 62% of of violent injuries are on women. M are more likely to use violence as an ongoing tool.

51
Q

A useful model of situational couple violence ______ organizes influences on SCV into ____ triggers, _____ influences and ______ influences.

A

I3

  1. Instigating triggers
  2. Impelling influences
  3. Inhibiting influences
52
Q

According to the I3 model why do we refrain from violence?

A

Because the impelling influences stimulating us to lash out were too weak or because the inhibiting forces dissuading us from PA were too strong.

53
Q

4 influences that Finkel (I3) suggested that impelling and inhibitory influences could be.

A
  1. Distal
  2. Dispositional
  3. Relational
  4. Situational
54
Q

_____ influences include background factors such as cultural norms, economic conditions and family experiences.

A

Distal influences

55
Q

______ influences include personality traits and long-standing beliefs.

A

Dispositional influences

56
Q

______ influences involve the current state of the couple’s rs

A

Relational influences

57
Q

______ influences include the immediate circumstance

A

Situational influences

58
Q

______ triggers that cause one or both partners to be frustrated or on edge.

A

Instigating triggers

59
Q

______ influences that make it more likely that the partners will experience violent impulses

A

Impelling influences

60
Q

______ influences that encourage the partners to refrain from acting on those impulses.

A

Inhibiting influences

61
Q

What is the order of the I3.

A

Instigating triggers to impelling influences to inhibiting influences.

62
Q

a particularly important characteristic related to violence.

A

self-control- a study showed that ppl low in self control were 7.5x more likely to be violent towards their dating partner.

  • same with ppl with good problem-solving skills, more satisfied with their rs and sober ppl are all more likely to be less violent too
  • commitment also plays a role
63
Q

If IPV happens once will it happen again?

A

Yes- only 30% stayed violent were violent in another rs.

BUT 76% of men who were violent at one point were still violent years later

64
Q

Do men who are intimate terrorists become brutal over night?

A

No, they have often witnessed violence between their parents as well have likely been sexually abuse themselves, grown up in families with traditional hostile gender roles and are more likely to think of women as objects. It is often observable from the start of an rs!

65
Q

Violence through generations..

A

Sons of the most violent parents are 10x more likely to be violent themselves- but even in this extreme group only 20% of them will do so.

66
Q

What percent of M and W have been victims of a frightening stalker?

A

16% of US W (75% of total victims of stalking are W)

5% M

67
Q

Do stalkers usually know the people they are stalking?

A

Yes- about 50% of all stalkers are ppl who pursue an ex-partner at the end of the rom rel. Alternatively, stalkers may be a little crazy and just stalk an acquaintance they don’t know.
1/4 of all stalkers are neighbours, co-workers or other acquaintances such as teachers, bank tellers etc. they often believe that their victims are interested in them in return- even when they’re told to get lost.

68
Q

How often does physical violence occur with stalking?

A

About 1/3 of all cases.

Psyc 375 (14 decks)

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