Chapter 6

Question 1

a set of energetic forces that determine the direction, intensity, and persistence of an employee’s work effort

Answer 1

motivation

Question 2

a term commonly used in the contemporary workplace to summarize motivation levels

Answer 2

engagement

Question 3

a theory that describes the cognitive process employees go through to make choices among different voluntary responses

Answer 3

expectancy theory

Question 4

the belief that exerting a high level of effort will result in successful performance on some task

Answer 4

expectancy

Question 5

the belief that a person has the capabilities needed to perform the behaviors required on some task

Answer 5

self-efficiancy

Question 6

the level of success or failure with similar job tasks in the past

Answer 6

past accomplishments

Question 7

observations of and discussions with others who have performed some work task

Answer 7

vicarious experiences

Question 8

pep talks that lead employees to believe that they can “get the job done”

Answer 8

verbal persuasion

Question 9

positive or negative feelings that can help or hinder task accomplishment

Answer 9

emotional cues

Question 10

the belief that successful performance will result in the attainment of some outcomes

Answer 10

instrumentality

Question 11

the anticipated value of the outcomes associated with successful performance

Answer 11

valence

Question 12

groupings or clusters of outcomes viewed as having critical psychological or physiological consequences

Answer 12

needs

Question 13

desire to put forth work effort due to some contingency that depends on task performance

Answer 13

extrinsic motivation

Question 14

desire to put forth work effort due to the sense that task performance serves as its own reward

Answer 14

intrinsic motivation

Question 15

the idea that money can have symbolic value in addition to economic value

Answer 15

meaning of money

Question 16

a theory that views goals as the primary drivers of the intensity and persistence of effort

Answer 16

goal setting theory

Question 17

goals that stretch an employee to perform at his or her maximum level while still staying within the boundaries of his or her ability

Answer 17

specific and difficult goals

Question 18

the internalized goals that people use to monitor their own progress

Answer 18

self-set goals

Question 19

learning plans and problem-solving approaches used to achieve successful performance

Answer 19

task strategies

Question 20

in job characteristics theory, it refers to the degree to which the job itself provides information about how well the job itself provides information about how well the job holder is doing; in goal setting theory, it refers to progress updates on work goals

Answer 20

feedback

Question 21

the degree to which the information and actions needed to complete a task are complicated

Answer 21

task complexity

Question 22

the degree to which a person accepts a goal and is determined to reach it

Answer 22

goal commitment

Question 23

acronym that stands for specific, measurable, achievable, results-based, time-sensitive goals

Answer 23

S.M.A.R.T goals

Question 24

a theory that suggests that employees create a mental ledger of the outcomes they receive for their job inputs, relative to some comparison other

Answer 24

equity theory

Question 25

another person who provides a frame of reference for judging equity

Answer 25

comparison other

Question 26

an internal tension that results from being overrewarded or underrewarded relative to some comparison other

Answer 26

equity distress

Question 27

a reevaluation of the inputs an employee brings to a job, often occurring in response to equity distress

Answer 27

cognitive distortion

Question 28

comparing oneself to someone in the same company

Answer 28

internal comparisons

Question 29

comparing oneself to someone in a different company

Answer 29

external comparisons

Question 30

an energy rooted in the belief that tasks are contributing to some larger purpose

Answer 30

psychological empowerment

Question 31

captures the value of a work goal or purpose, relative to a person’s own ideals and passions

Answer 31

meaningfulness

Question 32

a sense of choice in the initiation and continuation of work tasks

Answer 32

self-determination

Question 33

the capability to perform work tasks successfully

Answer 33

competence

Question 34

the sense that a person’s actions “make a difference” -that progress is being made toward fulfilling some important purpose

Answer 34

impact