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Sport Psychology > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two developments of moral character

A

Structural developmental perspectives

Social learning perspective

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2
Q

Describe moral development

A

The process in which an individual develops the capacity to reason morally

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3
Q

Describe moral behaviour

A

The carrying out of an action that is deemed right or wrong

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4
Q

Kohlberg identified __ developmental stages of moral judgement

A

6

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5
Q

What are the 6 developmental stages of moral judgement

A

1) children abide by rules in fear of punishment
2) or in hopes of receiving reward
3) individuals will conform to avoid disapproval of others
4) will uphold laws and social rules
5) actions are guided by principles commonly agreed on as being essential
6) actions are self selected and guided by ethical principles

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6
Q

What are the three levels of structural development perspective

A

1) pre conventional morality
2) conventional morality
3) post conventional morality

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7
Q

Describe the social learning perspective

A

Moral behaviour is learned through the processes of reinforcement and modelling

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8
Q

Can physical contact sports negatively impact an athletes moral reasoning

A

Yes some people argue that

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9
Q

What are the factors influencing moral behaviour

A

Sport environment

Motivational climate

Team norms

Goal orientation

Aggression

Bullying and hazing in sport

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10
Q

What are some theories of aggression

A

Psycho dynamics

Frustration-aggression theory

Physiological explanations

Social learning theory

Moral disengagement

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11
Q

Explain the sport environment factor influencing moral behaviour

A

Coaching impacts

Coach can prohibit acts that disrespect or violate rules a

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12
Q

Explain motivational climate factor influencing moral behaviour

What are the two types

A

Mastery motivational
- when coach encourages cooperation and learning from past mistakes

Performance motivation
- when the coach emphasizes winning and stresses competition among teammates

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13
Q

Define pro social behaviour

A

A behaviour that is intended to assist or benefit another individual or team

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14
Q

Define antisocial behaviour

A

A behaviour that is intended to harm or disadvantage another individual or team

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15
Q

As athletes get older their motivational climate changes from ___ to more ___ based

A

Mastery

Performance

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16
Q

Define team norms

A

Standards for the behaviour that is expected of members of the group

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17
Q

Who has the largest moral influence on younger athletes

Older athletes

A

Mothers

Teammates

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18
Q

Explain goal orientation factor influencing moral behaviour

A

Athletes who are task oriented tend to use self referenced criteria and feel successful when they have mastered the task

The ego oriented athlete uses other referenced criteria and defines success by out performing others

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19
Q

Define aggression

A

Any overt verbal or physical act that is intended to injure another living organism either psychologically or physically

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20
Q

Define violent behaviour

A

An extreme act of physical aggression that bears no direct relationship to the competitive goals of the sport and relates to incidents of uncontrolled aggression outside the rules of sport

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21
Q

Define assertive behaviour

A

Actions that are forceful vigorous and legitimate performed by an individual who does not intend to harm another living being

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22
Q

What four key points must be present in describing aggressive behaviour

A

1) it is a behaviour not an emotion or a feeling or a personality trait
2) it can be verbal or physical
3) it is intended to cause physical or psychological harm
4) it is directed toward another living organism

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23
Q

What are two kinds of aggression

A

Instrumental aggression

Hostile or reactive aggression

24
Q

Define instrumental aggression

A

Aggressive acts serving as a means to a particular goal such as winning money or prestige
In which injury to the opponent is involved

This type of injury is impersonal and designed to limit the effectiveness of the opponent

25
Q

Define hostile aggression

A

Aggressive acts undertaken for the purpose of harming or injuring the victim

26
Q

Define bullying

A

Imbalance of power between peers where the one who is more powerful repeatedly attacks the less powerful with the intention to harm

27
Q

Define hazing

A

Any potentially humiliating degrading abusive or dangerous activity expected of an individual to belong to a group regardless of their willingness to participate

28
Q

Explain the psycho dynamic theory of aggression

A

Suggests humans are born with the instinct for aggression

29
Q

Define catharsis

A

To purge or cleanse the self of aggressive feelings, typically venting of aggressive tendencies through socially acceptable means

30
Q

What is the frustration aggression theory

A

A blocked goal causes the individual to become frustrated and frustration produces aggression

31
Q

What is the revised frustration aggression theory

A

A blocked goal caused emotional reactions which lead to a readiness to behave aggressively: appropriate environmental cues cause this readiness to develop into aggression

32
Q

What is the physiological theory of aggression

A

Aggressive behaviour occurs because individuals have either a brain pathology or excess testosterone

33
Q

What is the moral disengagement theory of aggression

A

Aggressive behaviour occurs through individuals changing their morality under certain conditions

34
Q

What is the social learning theory of aggression

A

Individuals use aggression because they have learned that aggression pays

35
Q

What are the two forms of social interaction

A

First involves modelling

Second involves learning or acquiring new responses because of reinforcement

36
Q

According to moral disengagement individuals tend to ___ from engaging in behaviour that violates their own moral standards

A

Refrain

37
Q

What are the eight methods by which individuals attempt to disengage themselves from the behaviour

A

Moral justification

Euphemistic labelling

Advantageous comparison

Displacement of responsibility

Distortion of consequences

Dehumanization

Attribution of blame

38
Q

Explain moral justification

A

Occurs when an individual reconsiders aggression as being a negative behaviour and makes it acceptable by portraying this behaviour as facilitating a social or moral purpose

39
Q

Explain euphemistic labelling

A

Involves changing the language to make the aggressive behaviour seem less harmful

40
Q

Define advantageous comparison

A

Is another way of making aggression seem acceptable this involves comparing an aggressive behaviour with something that is more reprehensible

41
Q

Define displacement of responsibility

A

Occurs when athletes shift the blame for their aggressive behaviours to other individuals

42
Q

Define diffusion of responsibility

A

Involves team members making a group decision to use aggressive behaviours

43
Q

Define distortion of consequences

A

Achieved when an athlete minimizes the harm caused by his or her actions

44
Q

Define dehumanization

A

Involves cognitively relieving people of their human qualities

45
Q

Define attribution of blame

A

Occurs when athletes see themselves as the victim and not the aggressor

46
Q

What are the personal factors influencing aggression

A

Gender

Age

Physical size

Retaliation motives

Annoyances

Self presentation

Passion/athletic identity

47
Q

Gender factor influencing aggression

A

Men are more aggressive typically

Women tend to taunt more then physically hurt

48
Q

She factor influencing aggression

A

No conclusive statement can be made

Older more approving of hostile aggression

49
Q

Physical size factor influencing aggression

A

The bigger the person the more likely involved in a fight

Height and weight correlate with aggressive penalties

50
Q

What are situational factors influencing aggression

A

Frequency of competition

Home advantage

Point differentials

51
Q

Group factors influencing aggression

A

Individuals role

Team norms

Collective efficacy for aggression

Group cohesion

52
Q

___ % of injures occurred because of an opponents aggressive act

A

59

53
Q

Define fan identification

A

Extent to which fans feel psychologically connected to a team

54
Q

What are ways of reducing aggression in sport

A

Punishment and encouragement

Educational interventions

Behavioural modification practices

Changes to the sporting environment

Aggressive behaviour in the media

55
Q

It is beneficial for parents to focus on developing their child’s ability using a ____ goal orientation instead of __ goal orientation

A

Task

Ego

Sport Psychology (12 decks)

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