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Sport Psychology > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Define personality

A

The overall organization of psychological characteristics- thinking feeling and behaving— that differentiates us to act consistently across time and situations

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2
Q

Define disposition

A

Broad, pervasive, encompassing, ways of relating to particular types of people or situations

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3
Q

Define trait

A

A relatively stable characteristic or quality that may respect a portion of ones personality; a quality used to explain an individuals behaviour across time and situations

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4
Q

Define psychological states

A

Momentary feelings and thoughts that change depending on the situation and time

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5
Q

What is a common assumption in many trait models of personality

A

Traits have a normal distribution throughout the population

Most people have moderate levels of a specific trait

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6
Q

What makes the prediction of behaviour difficult

A

That personality is composed of several different traits that combine to influence specific behaviours

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7
Q

What are two examples of trait models

A

Cattells trait personality model

Digmans five factor model

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8
Q

What is Cattells model

A

Proposes that there are 16 personality factors called source traits that capture personality

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9
Q

What are the 16 personality factors outlined by cattell

A 
Warmth
Reasoning 
Dominance 
Liveliness
Social boldness
Rule consciousness 
Sensitivity 
Vigilance
Abstractedness 
Privateness 
Apprehension
Openness to change 
Self reliance
Perfectionism
Tension
Emotional stability
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10
Q

What does digmans personality suggest

A

All people can be described in terms of the prevalence of five global factors

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11
Q

What are digmans 5 factors

A

Openness to experience

Conscientiousness

Extraversion

Agreeableness

Neuroticism

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12
Q

Define openness to experience

A

Trait including level of curiosity, the opposite of being closed minded

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13
Q

Define conscientiousness

A

Trait comprising striving for achievement and self-discipline

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14
Q

Define extraversion

A

Trait involving level of assertiveness and energetic approach to the world

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15
Q

Define agreeableness

A

Trait involving general compliance and positive approach toward others

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16
Q

Define neuroticism

A

Trait comprising feelings of tension and nervousness

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17
Q

Which personality factor is also linked to health behaviours and mortality

A

Conscientiousness

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18
Q

What are the two perspectives of personality development

A

Humanistic psychology

Cognitive behavioural approach

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19
Q

Define humanistic psychology

A

Psychological approach that focuses on personal responsibility human growth personal striving and individual dignity

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20
Q

What term is associated with the humanistic

A

Self-actualization

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21
Q

Define self-actualization

A

An individuals attempt to be the best he or she can be or a desire to fulfill ones potential

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22
Q

Who is two of the humanist psychologists who contributed greatly to the field of personality study

A

Carl Rogers

Abraham Maslow

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23
Q

What does Rogers believed

A

That when there is a discrepancy between a persons self perceptions and what is being experienced, this person might deny what is actually happening

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24
Q

What did Abraham Maslow publish

A

A hierarchy of needs in a five tiered triangular model

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25
Q

What does maslows hierarchy of needs suggest

A

That when our basic human needs are met we strive to meet higher needs

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26
Q

What is the base of the pyramid

A

Physiological needs

- food water sleep and shelter

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27
Q

What is the second tier of the pyramid

A

Safety needs

  • personal and social settings
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28
Q

What is the third tier of the pyramid

A

Social needs

  • feelings of belonging connections to others and the acts of giving receiving love
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29
Q

What is the forth tier of the pyramid

A

Esteem needs

  • can be internal or external
  • self respect and achievement
  • recognition and status
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30
Q

What is the fifth tier of the pyramid

A

Self actualization

  • the constant striving to make the most of ones special abilities
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31
Q

What is the cognitive behavioural approach

A

Behaviour was determined by interactions involving reward and punishment with the environment

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32
Q

What does the learning perspective of the cognitive behavioural approach suggest

A

All behaviour is learned through experience and this perspective discarded notions of disposition drives or instincts

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33
Q

What approach does B.F skinner belong to

A

Cognitive behavioural approach

34
Q

What did BF skinner argue about personality

A

Behaviour followed by a reward would increase in probability of reoccurrence, whereas behaviour followed by punishment would decrease in probability of reoccurrence

35
Q

What theory does Albert Bandura belong to

A

Cognitive behavioural approach

36
Q

What did Albert Bandura argue

A

That people’s behaviour is highly influenced by their self efficacy, the belief of ones capabilities to achieve a goal or an outcome

37
Q

Define self efficacy

A

The belief in ones capabilities to achieve a specific goal or outcome

38
Q

Define the social learning theory

A

Suggests people are active agents in shaping their behaviours, influenced by their inner drives and environments

39
Q

What theory did Bandura emphasis

A

Social learning theory

40
Q

What does the social learning theory include

A

Observational learning (modelling)

41
Q

Define the observational learning

A

Learning through observing others behaviours

42
Q

What is the interactionist approach

A

Interplay between a person and the environment that determines specific behaviours of the individual

43
Q

Define ethical principles

A

Guidelines that shape professional judgement and behaviour

44
Q

Risk taking

A

Narrowing the margin of safety both physically and psychologically

45
Q

Sensation seeking

A

Seeking of varied novel complex and intense sensations and experiences and the willingness to take multiple risks for the sake of such experiences

46
Q

Define competitiveness

A

Desire to engage in and strive for success

47
Q

What does research suggest about stimulus seekers

A

They have higher physiological activation levels or chronic levels of high excitation which are rewarded when they take risks in sport

48
Q

What are the differences between high risk and low risk athletes big 5 personality

A

High risk athletes scored highest in emotional stability, consciousness and energy

Non risk athletes scored highest in openness

49
Q

Does sensation seeking decline with age?

A

Yes

50
Q

What is required for success at the elite level

A

Set high personal standards

Monitor progress toward these standards

Be highly organized

Manage the pressure and expectations of significant others such as parents coaches teammates and partners

51
Q

Define personal standards perfectionism

A

Refers to establishing high personal performance standards and self orientated achievement striving

52
Q

Define evaluative concerns perfectionism

A

Reflects aspects of the negative social evaluation including excessive self-criticism, concerns over mistakes and doubts about actions

53
Q

What are two main dimensions of perfectionism

A

Personal standards

Evaluative concerns

54
Q

What is ECP typically associated with

A

Poor outcomes and other indicators of maladjustment such as negative emotions dysfunctional thoughts and burnout

55
Q

What does unhealthy perfectionism consist of

A

High PSP and high ECP

56
Q

What does healthy perfectionism consist of

A

High but realistic goal striving (PSP) but relatively low ECP

57
Q

Gaudreau and Thompson proposed a 2X2 model of perfectionism that examines __

A

The main effects of ECP and PSP

58
Q

What are the four distinct subtypes of perfectionism in the model of perfectionism

A

1) pure personal standards perfectionism is captured by low ECP and high PSP
2) mixed perfectionism is composed of both high ECP and high PSP
3) pure evaluative concerns perfectionism is represented by high ECP and low PSP
4) non perfectionism is captured by low ECP and low PSP

59
Q

What is associated with lower levels of total burnout

What was higher

A

Pure PSP

Pure ESP

60
Q

Who developed a dualistic model of passion (DMP)

A

Vallerand

61
Q

What are the two types of passion

A

Harmonious passion

Obsessive passion

62
Q

Define harmonious passion

A

Engaging in an activity as part of ones identify and for the pleasure of the activity

63
Q

Define obsessive passion

A

Involves a more rigid and uncontrolled urge to engage in activities because of external control or feelings of guilt

64
Q

What type of coping is HP positivity related to

A

Task oriented coping (problem solving)

65
Q

What coping strategy is OP positively related with

A

Disengagement and avoidance strategies with athletic goal attainment

66
Q

What coping strategy is positively associated with performance

A

Both HP and OP

67
Q

Define mental toughness

A

Personal characteristics that allow individuals to cope with stress and anxiety while remaining focused on competition demands

68
Q

What are psychological characteristics associated with mental toughness

A 
Control
Competitiveness
Concentration
Confidence
Commitment
Determination
Desire
Focus
Emotional intelligence 
Resilience 
Persistence 
Optimism
69
Q

What is one of the first models of mental toughness who created it

A

4C’s by Clough

70
Q

What is the 4C model

A

Mentally tough people who encounter negative experiences

1) appraise the situation as a CHALLENGE to be over come
2) believe they have personal CONTROL over the experiences
3) have CONFIDENCE they can overcome these experiences
4) have a strong COMMITMENT to achieving personal goals

71
Q

What personality types had a positive experience with exercise

A

Extraversion and conscientiousness

72
Q

What personality type had a negative association with exercise

A

Neuroticism

73
Q

The relationship between personality and exercise is ____ and there is a ____ association between the two

A

Small

Minor

74
Q

What personality traits did not have an association with exercise

A

Openness
Agreeableness
Psychoticism

75
Q

Define type A personality

A

Blend of ambition low patience competitiveness high organization and hostility with agitated behaviour patterns

76
Q

Define industriousness ambition

A

Trait comprising aspects of achievement striving and self discipline

77
Q

Describe type A personality based on the five factor model

A

High extraversion
High neuroticism
High conscientiousness
Low agreeableness

78
Q

Is there a positive association between type a personality and exercise

A

Yes

79
Q

What are negative health behaviours type a personality’s also experience

A

Smoking

Drinking

80
Q

Define extraversions activity trait

A

Trait involving a general tendency for a fast lifestyle high energy fast talking and keeping busy

81
Q

Is extraversions activity trait a reliable and strong predictor of exercise

A

Yes

82
Q

Can personality traits be changed

A

Essentially unchangeable

Sport Psychology (12 decks)

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