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Sport Psychology > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

Define arousal

A

Physiological and psychological activation that varies on a continuum from deep sleep to peak activation (or frenzy)

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2
Q

Arousal is activation of ___ nervous system

A

Autonomic

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3
Q

High arousal athletes commonly exhibit ___ physiological and psychological symptoms

A

Both

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4
Q

Define anxiety

A

A negative emotion that is elicited following an appraisal of a situation or event

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5
Q

What are the characteristics of anxiety

A

It is elicited following an appraisal of a specific situation or event

It is universally observed across people of all cultures

It has a distinct physiology

Is is observed through a discrete facial expression

It is associated with a unique set of behaviours that are called action tendencies

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6
Q

Anxiety is composed of ___ and ___ components

A

Mental and physical

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7
Q

The mental component of anxiety is ___

A

Cognitive anxiety

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8
Q

The physical component is called ___ anxiety

A

Somatic anxiety

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9
Q

Define cognitive anxiety

A

Mental component of anxiety referring to worries and concerns

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10
Q

Define somatic anxiety

A

Physical component of anxiety referring to perceptions of body states such as a racing heart or butterflies in the stomach

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11
Q

Somatic anxiety is only experienced to the degree that the athlete becomes _____

A

Aware of arousal symptoms

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12
Q

Define social anxiety

A

A specific sub-type of anxiety that occurs when people believe they will receive a negative evaluation from others

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13
Q

Define competitive anxiety

A

A subtype of social anxiety that occurs in competitive sport situations and results from worry about their body performance or skills being evaluated negatively by others

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14
Q

Define social physique anxiety

A

A specific sub type of social anxiety that occurs when people are worried about receiving a negative evaluation about their body from others

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15
Q

Define state anxiety

A

Anxiety that is experienced at a particular moment in time and can change from moment to moment

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16
Q

Define trait anxiety

A

A general predisposition to perceive a variety of situations as threatening

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17
Q

Anxiety and stress are considered to be ____ process rather then ___ events

A

Ongoing

Single

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18
Q

What are dimensions of the anxiety response

A

Intensity of symptoms

Frequency of cognitive intrusions

Directional interpretation of symptoms

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19
Q

What are sources of anxiety

A

Personal source

Environment based source

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20
Q

What are personal sources of anxiety

A

Experience and skill level

Gender

Trait anxiety

Self confidence and self presentational beliefs

Self regulation strategies

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21
Q

What are environment based sources

A

Temporal patterning in the sport environment

Exercise the physical environment

Other people in the exercise environment

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22
Q

What is experience and skill level source of anxiety

A

More skilled athletes view anxiety symptoms to be facilitative or helpful for performance

Less skilled athletes view anxiety symptoms to be debilitative or harmful for sport performance

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23
Q

Explain personal gender source of anxiety

A

Female athletes report higher intensities of trait and state anxiety symptoms prior to competition in comparison with male athletes

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24
Q

Explain trait anxiety source of anxiety

A

Competitiveness extraversion hardiness neuroticism optimism pessimism perfectionism self consciousness and self esteem

25
Q

Define competitive trait anxiety

A

The tendency for Athletes to experience anxiety during competitive sport situations

26
Q

Define self presentation

A

The process by which people attempt to monitor and control the impressions that other people form of them

27
Q

Define self presentational efficacy

A

Confidence in ones ability to successfully present a desired image to others

28
Q

Define self handicapping

A

Behaviours that are used in performance settings such as sport or exercise in order

29
Q

Explain temporal patterning in the sport environment

A

The intensity of an athletes anxiety response changes during the lead up to a competitive event as well as over the course of the event

30
Q

___ anxiety remains low intensity until several hours prior to competition

A

Somatic

31
Q

During and after competition the intensity level of ___ anxiety decreases

A

Somatic

32
Q

Sources of anxiety the physical environment

A

Specific factors in the exercise environment may also be sources of anxiety

Presence of mirrors can increase levels of state and social anxiety

33
Q

Sources of anxiety and other people

A

Exercising in the presence of others can increase anxiety in women

34
Q

Self presentation occurs when people try to ____

A

Control how others see them

35
Q

Individuals high in social physique anxiety may exercise ____

A

More as a way to improve their bodies and therefore receive positive evaluations from others

36
Q

Social physique anxiety led to ___ levels of physical activity only in women with ___ levels of self presentational efficacy

A

Lower

Low

37
Q

What are the anxiety sport performance relationship models

A

Drive theory and inverted U hypothesis

Zones of optimal functioning theory

Cusp catastrophe theory

38
Q

Explain the drive theory

A

Drive theory suggests that performance is a function of two factors ; habit strength and arousal or drive

39
Q

The more well-learned a task (which is the habit strength) and the greater the arousal (higher drive) the ___

A

Better the performance

40
Q

Higher levels of arousal lead to ____ performance

A

Better

41
Q

Explain the inverted U hypothesis

A

This theory suggests that performance improves as arousal increases but only up to a certain point

42
Q

What is the optimal level of arousal

A

It differs from skill to skill and person to person

43
Q

Explain zones of optimal functioning theory

A

That an athlete who is within his or her identified optimal competitive state anxiety zone will be more likely to have a best athletic performance

44
Q

Explain the cusp catastrophe theory

A

Attempts to describe the combined or interactive influences of the multiple components of competitive anxiety and physiological arousal on athletic performance rather then looking at them separately

45
Q

The cusp catastrophe theory is three dimensional what are the three dimensions

A

Interaction of physiological arousal (rather then somatic)

Cognitive anxiety

Performance

46
Q

What are the five predictions the cusp catastrophe theory makes

A

When cognitive anxiety is low the relationship between physiological arousal and performance is uniform or an inverted U shape

When physiological arousal is low elevations in cognitive state anxiety are associated with enhanced performance relative to baseline

When physiological arousal is high elevations in cognitive state anxiety are associated with declines in performance

When cognitive state anxiety is high, increases in physiological arousal can be positive for performance but only up to a certain point

When physiological arousal is moderately high and cognitive state anxiety is high it is predicted that a dramatic performance drop

47
Q

What are two underlying mechanisms of the anxiety performance relationship

A

Attentional mechanisms

Physiological mechanisms

48
Q

How many attentional mechanisms

A

3

49
Q

What is the first attentional focus problem

A

Attentional focus and selectivity hypothesis

50
Q

What is the selectivity hypothesis

A

States that an elevation in competitive state anxiety reduces the ability to attend to and process large amounts of information

51
Q

Explain the second attentional focus problem

A

Highly anxious athletes attend to threatening task irrelevant information to a greater extent then low anxious athletes

52
Q

Explain the third attentional focus problem

A

During high pressure sport situations heightened anxiety is associated with increases in a performers self conscious awareness about the performance which becomes disruptive for expert performance of motor skills

53
Q

Explain physiological mechanisms

A

The relationship between competitive anxiety and athletic performance can also be explained through anxiety related changes to the functional patterns of muscle activation

54
Q

Elevated physiological arousal can ___ anaerobic power which in turn may ___ the performance of simple tasks such as jumping

A

Increase

Elevate

55
Q

Define choking

A

An acute significant decrement in performance that occurs in situations of high pressure or anxiety

56
Q

Why does choking occur

A

According to the cusp theory high levels of cognitive anxiety and physiological arousal should create a situation where choking may occur

57
Q

Define reinvesting

A

Consciously controlling physical movements even for well-learned tasks rather then performing them automatically

58
Q

Who is more likely to choke

A

Those with high levels of trait anxiety and athletes with low self confidence

Sport Psychology (12 decks)

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