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Anatomy > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

fibers in skeletal muscle are

A

parallel to the muscle

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2
Q

muscle cells are

A

multinucleate

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3
Q

muscles need ___ to function

A

oxygen, glucose, and calcium

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4
Q

cells in the same fascicle

A

don’t need to contract at the same time

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5
Q

levels of organization for muscle

A

muscle cell is surrounded by endomysium
muscle cells grouped together by parimysium
gouped muscle cells in a fascicle
multiple fascicles are surrounded by epimysium

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6
Q

tendons made of

A

collagen fibers

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7
Q

sheet like attachment structures

A

aponeurosis

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8
Q

skeletal muscle function

A

1) maintain posture
2) produce movement
3) generate heat
4) stabilize joints

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9
Q

I band

A

actin (thin filament)

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10
Q

A band

A

both actin and myosin (Thick filament)

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11
Q

plasma membrane of muscle cell

A

sarcolemma

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12
Q

fibers within a muscle cell

A

myofibril

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13
Q

one unit of a muscle cell

A

sarcomere

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14
Q

myosin heads are called _ when they contract

A

cross bridges

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15
Q

stores and releases Calcium into mucle

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

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16
Q

nerve signal for muscle contraction

A

action potential

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17
Q

where nerve meets muscle

A

nueromuscular junction

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18
Q

irritability

A

ability to receive and respond to a stimulus

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19
Q

contractility

A

ability to shorten when an adequate stimulus is presented

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20
Q

extensibility

A

ability of muscles to be stretched

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21
Q

elasticity

A

ability to recoil and resume resting length after stretching

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22
Q

motor unit

A

one motor neuron and all the muscle cells it stimulates

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23
Q

neuromuscular junction

A

junction of the axon terminal and the sarcolemma of the muscle

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24
Q

neurotransmitter

A

chemical released in the neuromuscular joint to stimulate the muscle

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25
Q

neurotransmitter for skeletal muscles

A

Acetylcholine

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26
Q

gap between nerve and muscle

A

synaptic cleft

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27
Q

action potential

A

nerve signal to t muscle

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28
Q

events at the neuromuscular junction

A

1) calcium enters the axon terminal
2) calcium causes acetycholine to be released
3) Acetylcholine crosses the synaptic cleft and diffuses across the sarcolemma
4) Sarcolemma becomes more permeable and sodium rushes in while potassium rushes out
5) action potential spreads down the cell as sodium rushes in
6) acetylcholinesterase breaks down acetylcholine ending the process

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29
Q

cross bridge cycle

A

1) Calcium is released from sarcoplasmic reticulum
2) Calcium causes the tropomyosin to change position on the actin revealing places for the mysoin heads to attach
3) a cross bridge is formed as the mysoin heads attach to the actin
4) myosin performs a power stroke pulling the actin
5) cross bridge detaches
6) ATP re-cocks the mysosin

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30
Q

twitch

A

single-brief contraction

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31
Q

summing of contractions

A

one contraction is immediately followed by another

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32
Q

unfused tetanus

A

multiple summing of contractions

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33
Q

fused tetanus

A

no relaxation between contractions (only one that happens in real life)

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34
Q

three ways to get energy to a muscle cell

A

1) re phosphorylation of atp with creatine phosphate
2) aerobic respiration
3) anaerobic glycosis and lactic acid formation

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35
Q

creatine

A

1 atp per molecule

fastest energy source, lasts 15 seconds

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36
Q

anaerobic glycosis

A

fast reaction, glucose broken down into pyruvic acid to release 2 ATP

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37
Q

lactic acid formation

A

ubla

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38
Q

aerobic respiration

A

most efficient produces 32 ATP

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39
Q

causes of muscle fatigue

A

1) Ionic imbalance
2) lactic acid accumulation
3) energy supply decreases

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40
Q

isotonic

A

contraction where muscle moves

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41
Q

isometric

A

contraction where muscle tenses but doesn’t move

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42
Q

weight lifting is an

A

isometric exercise

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43
Q

5 rules

A

1) all skeletal muscles cross a joint
2) bulk of the muscle is proximal to the joint crossed
3) muscles have 2 attachments
4) muscles only pull
5) insertion moves towards the origin

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44
Q

attachment to immovable bone

A

origin

45
Q

attachment to movable bone

A

insertion

46
Q

flexion

A

decreases angle

47
Q

increases angle

A

extension

48
Q

shaking head no is an example of

A

rotation

49
Q

abduction

A

movement away from midline

50
Q

movement towards midline

A

adduction

51
Q

circumduction

A

proximal end of bone remains stationary while the distal end moves in circle

52
Q

lifting foot up

A

dorsiflexion

53
Q

pointing foot

A

plantar flexion

54
Q

inversion

A

sole of the foot turned medially

55
Q

sole of the foot turned laterally

A

eversion

56
Q

supination

A

forearm turns laterally

57
Q

forearm turns forearm turns medially

A

pronation

58
Q

decease in size

A

atrophy

59
Q

produces flexion

A

muscle that crosses over the anterior side

60
Q

produces adduction

A

crosses the medial side

61
Q

produces extension

A

crosses the posterior side

62
Q

produces abduction

A

crosses the lateral side

63
Q

muscle with the major responsibility for a movement

A

prime mover

64
Q

muscle that reverses prime mover

A

antagonist

65
Q

muscle that aids the prime mover

A

synergist

66
Q

stabilizes the origin of the prime mover

A

fixator

67
Q

frontalis

A

raises eyebrows; face

68
Q

orbicularis oculi

A

closes eyes, squints, blinks, winks; face

69
Q

orbicularis oris

A

closes mouth and protrudes the lips; face

70
Q

buccinator

A

flattens the cheek, chews; face

71
Q

zygomaticus

A

raises corners of the mouth; face

72
Q

masseter

A

closes jaw and elevates mandible

73
Q

temporalis

A

synergist of the masseter, closes jaw; face

74
Q

platysma

A

pulls corners of mouth inferiorly; neck

75
Q

sternoclasomastoid

A

flexes the neck, rotates the head; neck

76
Q

trapezious

A

elevates, depresses, adducts, and stabilizes the scapula; posterior trunk

77
Q

latissimus dorsi

A

extends and adducts the humerus; posterior trunk

78
Q

erector spinae

A

back extension; posterior trunk

79
Q

quadratus lumborum

A

flexes the spine laterally; posterior trunk

80
Q

deltoid

A

arm abduction; posterior arm

81
Q

pectoralis major

A

adducts and flexes the humerus; anterior trunk

82
Q

external intercostals

A

raise rib cage during

inhalation; anterior trunk

83
Q

internal intercostals

A

depress the rib cage to move air out of the lungs when you exhale forcibly; anterior trunk

84
Q

rectus abdominis

A

flexes vertebral column

and compresses abdominal contents; abdominal girdle

85
Q

external oblique

A

flex vertebral column; rotate trunk and bend it laterally; abdominal gridle

86
Q

internal oblique

A

flex vertebral column; rotate trunk and bend it laterally

87
Q

transverse abdominis

A

compresses abdominal contents

88
Q

Biceps Brachii

A

supinates forearm, flexes elbow

89
Q

brachialis

A

elbow flexion

90
Q

brachioradialus

A

weak muscle; elbow flexion

91
Q

triceps brachii

A 
elbow extension (antagonist to
biceps brachii)
92
Q

flexor carpi

A

wrist flexion (forearm)

93
Q

flexor digitorum

A

finger flexion

94
Q

extensor carpi

A

wrist extension

95
Q

extensor digitorum

A

finger extension

96
Q

gluteous maximous

A

hip extension

97
Q

gluteous medius

A

hip abduction, steadies pelvis when walking

98
Q

Iliopsoas

A

hip flexion, keeps the upper body from falling backward when standing erect

99
Q

adductor muscles

A

adduct the thighs

100
Q

Hamstring group

A

Biceps femoris
Semimembranosus
Semitendinosus

101
Q

quadriceps

A

rectus femoris
vastus lateralis
vastus medialis
vastus intermedius

102
Q

sartorious

A

flexes thigh

103
Q

quadricepts group function

A

extends the knee

104
Q

hamstring group function

A

thigh extension and knee flexion

105
Q

tibialis anterior

A

dorsiflexion, foot inversion

106
Q

extensor digitorum longus

A

toe extension and

dorsiflexion of the foot

107
Q

fibularis muscles

A

plantar flexion, foot eversion

108
Q

soleus

A

plantar flexion

Anatomy (12 decks)

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