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Human Biology > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

Exam 3

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

3 Types of Muscle Tissue

A

Skeletal, Cardiac, Smooth

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2
Q

Structure of a skeletal muscle

A

What

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3
Q

3 Functions of Muscular System

A

1) Movement of organism
2) Movement of materials within
3) Temperature Regulation

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4
Q

Cells of Muscles are called

A

Muscle Fibers

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5
Q

Type of Muscle Fiber, Uninucleated, Not striated, pointed cylinders, parralel forming sheets

A

Smooth Muscle Fiber

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6
Q

Muscle Contraction in Smooth Muscle is

A

Involuntary

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7
Q

Type of Muscle Fiber, uninucleated, striated, tubular

A

Cardiac Muscle Fiber

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8
Q

Type of muscle that has branched muscle fibers and incarcerated disks

A

Cardiac

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9
Q

Type of Muscle Fiber, multinucleated, striated, tubular

A

Skeletal Muscle Fiber

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10
Q

Skeletal Muscle Contraction is

A

voluntary

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11
Q

Cardiac muscle contraction is

A

Involuntary

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12
Q

Skeletal Muscles are attached to the skeleton, and their contraction causes movement on bones at their

A

joints

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13
Q

Functions of Skeletal Muscles

A

1) Support
2) Movement
3)Temp regulation
4) Protection of internal organs
5)Stabilize Joints

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14
Q

Function of Cardiac Muscles

A

Heart beat, circulation of blood

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15
Q

Bundle of skeletal muscle fiber

A

Fascicle

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16
Q

Connective tissue that covers muscles and extends to become its tendon

A

Fascia

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17
Q

Attachment site to the stationary bone

A

Origin (of a muscle)

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18
Q

The attachment on the bone that moves

A

Insertion (of a muscle)

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19
Q

The muscle that does most of the work

A

Agonist (prime mover)

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20
Q

Assists the agonist

A

Synergist

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21
Q

The muscle that acts opposite to the prime mover

A

Antagonist

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22
Q

If the antagonist and the agonist contract at the same time

A

NO movement

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23
Q

Rectus means

A

straight

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24
Q

What is used to name skeletal muscles

A

Size, Shape, Location, Direction of muscle fibers, Attachment location or number

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25
Q

Transverse means

A

across

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26
Q

oblique means

A

diagonal

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27
Q

Muscle contractile unit

A

Sacromere

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28
Q

Park of sarcomere, forms thick filaments

A

Myosin

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29
Q

Part of sarcomere, forms thin filaments

A

Actin

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30
Q

Process of contraction (4 steps)

A

1) Muscle activated by nerve
2) Nerve activation increases calcium ions near contractile proteins
3) Presence of Calcium permits contraction
4) When nerve stimulation stops, contraction stops

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31
Q

Principle source of energy

A

ATP

32
Q

Required for muscle contraction and relaxation

A

ATP

33
Q

Anaerobic or Aerobic metabolism of glucose produces more ATP

A

Aerobic

34
Q

Anaerobic

A

Without Oxygen

35
Q

Aerobic

A

With Oxygen

36
Q

A type of nervous system cell that stimulates muscle fibers to contract

A

Motor nuron

37
Q

Group of neurons

A

Nerve

38
Q

The part of a neuron that stimulates a muscle fiber or several

A

Axon

39
Q

Where an axon terminal comes near the sarcolemma

A

Neuromuscular junction

40
Q

end of an axon

A

axon terminal

41
Q

thin tissue layer over muscle cell

A

sarcolemma

42
Q

the space that separates axon terminal and sarcolemma

A

synaptic cleft

43
Q

ACh (Acetylcholine)

A
44
Q

Axon terminals contain these

A

Synaptic Vesicles

45
Q

Synaptic Vesicles are filled with this neurotransmitter

A

Acetylcholine

46
Q

When nerve signals traveling down axon arrive at an axon terminal,

A

synaptic vesicles release Ach into synaptic cleft

47
Q

Disease in which muscles contract forcefully, caused by a bacteria-producing toxin, death by respiratory failure

A

Tetanus

48
Q

Botulism toxins, deadliest, bind neurons and prevent muscle contractions

A

Clostridium botulinum

49
Q

Small, fluid-filled sacs found between tendons and bones, acts as cushion and lubricant

A

bursae

50
Q

Why is tetanus so bad ( how does it happen)

A

blocks release of inhibitory neurotransmitter, muscles cant stop contracting

51
Q

How does botulism happen

A

blocks release of Acetylcholine, muscles cant contract

52
Q

Which of the three main types of muscles has intercalated disks in its cells?

A

Cardiac

53
Q

Cardiac muscle differs from skeletal muscle in that

A

it is involuntary

54
Q

A muscle is arranged in bundles of muscle fibers, called

A

faciscles

55
Q

The principle, recyclable, short-term energy molecule used by all human cells is

A

ATP

56
Q

Muscle fibers are mainly comprised of which organic macromolecule?

A

protein

57
Q

Which of the three muscle types do you find in the walls of blood vessels and the intestine?

A

Smooth

58
Q

What structure connects muscle to bone?

A

Tendons

59
Q

Which of the three muscles types has multiple nuclei per cell?

A

Skeletal

60
Q

Name the connective tissue that covers whole muscles.

A

Fascia

61
Q

Connection of Actin and Myosin

A

Z line

62
Q

Once a muscle cell has depleted its small supply of ready-made ATP, what will it use next for energy?

A

Creatine Phosphate

63
Q

Skeletal muscle groups that work together to create the same movement are referred to as

A

Synergistic

64
Q

The primary energy source used by muscle cells to generate ATP is

A

Glucose

65
Q

Which sequence lists the structures from largest, most inclusive, to smallest?

a.muscle fiber-myofibril-muscle-fascicle-thick filament

b.muscle-thick filament-fascicle-muscle fiber-myofibril

c.thick filament-fascicle-myofibril-muscle-muscle fiber

d.muscle-fascicle-muscle fiber-myofibril-thick filament

e.fascicle-muscle-myofibril-muscle fiber-thick filament

A

d

66
Q
A

Myofibril

67
Q

Neurotransmitter that has an excitatory effect on skeletal muscle, causing it to contract.

A

Acetylcholine

68
Q

We are unable to exert any conscious control over the contraction

A

Involuntary, smooth or cardiac muscle.

69
Q

How does botulism toxin keep skeletal muscles from contracting?

A

Botulism toxin blocks nerve functions, and nerves are required for a muscle to contract. When a muscle is contracting, it is because vesicles with acetylcholine have traveled into the receptors of the muscle cells, causing the units to contract. Botulism toxin blocks the receptors so that the acetylcholine cannot go into the receptors and activate the muscle.

70
Q

How does tetanus toxin keep skeletal muscles in a constant state of contraction?

A

Tetanus toxin blocks the release of neurotransmitter that would stop the contraction so it just keeps on contracting.

71
Q

Single muscle cell

A

Myofibril

72
Q

Test, electrodes stimulate nerve and record nerve response

A

Nerve conduction test

73
Q

Test, stimulates muscle, or stimulates nerve and records muscle response

A

Electromyography test

74
Q

Drug that blocks Cholinestrerase form breaking down acetylcholine in the muscles

A

Edrophonium

75
Q

Immune system attacks cells that they dont recognize as their own

A

Autoimmune disease

76
Q

Autoimmune disease that stops that breakdown of acetylcholine in the muscle

A

Myasthenia gravis

77
Q

Allows muscles to contract

A

acetylcholine

Human Biology (14 decks)

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