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Human Biology > Chapter 14- Digestive System > Flashcards

Chapter 14- Digestive System Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

4 Accessory Organs

A

1) Salivary Glands
2) Liver
3) Gallbladder
4) Pancreas

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2
Q

Hollow tube

A

GI Tract

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3
Q

Space within a tube

A

lumen

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4
Q

8 Parts of GI Tract

A

1) mouth
2) pharynx
3) esophagus
4) stomach
5) small intestine
6) large intestine
7) rectum
8) anus

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5
Q

Four layers of GI tract walls (inner to outer)

A

1) mucosa
2) submucosa
3) muscularis
4) serosa

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6
Q

Layer of GI Tract, innermost, mucous membrane in contact with the lumen

A

Mucosa

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7
Q

Layer of GI Tract, connective tissue containing the blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves

A

Submucosa

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8
Q

Layer of GI Tract, two or three layers of smooth muscles, responsible for movement an motility

A

Muscularis

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9
Q

Layer of GI Tract, outermost, protects and anchors digestive tract

A

Serosa

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10
Q

Thick muscular rings that separate some organs

A

Sphincters

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11
Q

5 Processes for digestion

A

1) Mechanical processing and movement
2) Secretion of fluid, enzymes, hormones, bile, ph, mucous
3) Digestion
4) Absorption
5) Elimination

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12
Q

2 Types of motility aid digestion

A

1) perastalsis
2) segmentation

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13
Q

Type of motility aid digestion, propels food foreward

A

Perastalsis

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14
Q

Type of motility aid digestion, mixes food and chops it up

A

Segmentation

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15
Q

Where does motility aid digestion occur

A

Muscularis layer

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16
Q

Composition of saliva (4)

A

1) mucin
2) salivary amylase
3) bicarbonate
4) lysozyme

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17
Q

Component of saliva, antibacterial

A

lysozyme

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18
Q

Component of saliva, maintains ph of 6.5-7.5 for optimal amylase activity

A

bicarbonate

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19
Q

Component of saliva, can help prevent formation of biofilms

A

Mucin

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20
Q

Component of saliva, begins digestion of starch

A

salivary amylase

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21
Q

Which parts deliver food to the stomach (2)

A

1) Pharynx
2) Esophagus

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22
Q

Salivary glands (3)

A

1) Parotid (cheek jaw)
2) Sublingual (under tongue)
3) Submandibular (lower jaw)

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23
Q

Voluntary phase of swallowing

A

tongue pushes bolus of food into pharynx (throat)

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24
Q

Involuntary phase of swallowing

A

swallowing reflex, trachea closes, esophagus opens

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25
Q

Throat, common passageway for air and food

A

Pharynx

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26
Q

Closes airway temporarily so food will not enter the trachea

A

Epiglottus

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27
Q

Food passes through to stomach by way of

A

peristaltic contractions thru esophagus, and lower esophageal sphincter

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28
Q

Functions of stomach (3)

A

1) food storage 2) digestion of proteins 3) regulates delivery of partially digested food into small intestine

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29
Q

In stomach, breaks down proteins

A

Gastric Juice

30
Q

Gastric juice is made up of (4)

A

1) hydrochloric acid
2) Intrinsic factor
3) Mucus
4) Pepsinogen

31
Q

Part of Gastric Juice, pH of 2, breaks down large bits of food

A

Hydrochloric acid

32
Q

Part of Gastric Juice, needed to absorb vitamin b12

A

Intrinsic factor

33
Q

Part of Gastric Juice, protects stomach lining from acid

A

Mucus

34
Q

If mucus is damaged, can cause

A

peptic ulcur

35
Q

Part of Gastric Juice, converted to pepsin by acid, begins protein breakdown

A

pepsinogen

36
Q

watery mixture of partially digested food and gastric juice that is delivered to the small intesting

A

chyme

37
Q

sphincter between esophagus and stomach

A

esophagael sphincter

38
Q

sphincter between stomach and small intestine

A

pyloric sphincter

39
Q

how long does it take for stomach to empty

A

2-6 hrs

40
Q

does stomach absorb nutrients

A

no, but alchohola and aspirin are

41
Q

Organ that digests food and absorbs nutrients and water

A

Small intestine

42
Q

Digestion in the small intestine (3)

A

1) nutralizes acid from stomach
2) breaks down protreins carbs and lipids into monomers
3) adds digestive enzymes and bile

43
Q

Regions of absorption in the small intestine (3)

A

1) duodenum
2) jejunum
3) ileum

44
Q

in small intestine, increase surface area to facilitate absorption

A

mucosa adaptations

45
Q

in small intestine, microscopic projections containing blood and lacteal capillaries

A

villi

46
Q

in small intestine, cytoplasmic projections of epithelial cells of villi

A

microvilli

47
Q

in small intestine, region of absorption that the most digestion occurs in

A

duodenum

48
Q

Organ that has exocrine functions, secretes digestive enzymes and sodium bicarbonate to neutralize somach acid

A

pancreas

49
Q

Digestive enzymes of pancreas (3)

A

1) proteases
2) pancreatic amylase
3) Lipase

50
Q

Digestive enzyme of pancreas, digests starch

A

pancreatic amylase

51
Q

Digestive enzyme of pancreas, digests protein

A

proteases

52
Q

Proteases (3)

A

1) trypsin
2) chymotrypsin
3) carboxypeptidase

53
Q

Digestive enzyme of pancreas, digests fats (lipids)

A

lipase

54
Q

Organ that produces bile

A

Liver

55
Q

Organ that concentrates and stores bile

A

Galbladder

56
Q

Functions of the liver

A

metabolic: storage, synthesis, chemical processsing

57
Q

drains blood from the digestive tract to the liver

A

Hepatic portal system

58
Q

organ that absorbs nutrients and water and eliminates waste

A

large intestine

59
Q

parts of large intestine

A

cecum, appendix, colon, rectum, a nus

60
Q

regulation of digestion depends on

A

volume and content of food

61
Q

stretch receptors in stomach, increase paristealsis and secretion of gastric juice

A

nervous system

62
Q

Hormones (3)

A

1) Gastrin
2) Secretin
3) CCK

63
Q

Hormone released by stomach, causes release of gastric juice

A

Gastrin

64
Q

Hormone triggered by stretching of stomach and presence of protein

A

Gastrin

65
Q

Hormone released by duodenum, stimulates pancreas to secrete water and bicarbonate

A

Secretin

66
Q

Hormone released by duodenum, signals pancreas to secrete digestive enzymes and gallbladder to release bile

A

CCK

67
Q

Hormone that responds to filling stomach

A

gastrin

68
Q

Hormone that responds to acid

A

secretin

69
Q

Hormone triggered by presence of acid in chyme

A

secretin

70
Q

Hormone triggered by fat and protein in chyme

A

CCK (choleccytstokinin)

71
Q
A

Human Biology (14 decks)

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