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Human Biology > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

Exam 1

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the specific name of a substance that can counteract changes to pH?

A

Buffer

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2
Q

The making or breaking of chemical bonds

A

Chemical Reactions

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3
Q

The formation of larger, more complex molecules. Requires (takes energy- endothermic)

A

Anabolic Reaction

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4
Q

Takes and uses energy

A

Endothermic

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5
Q

Releases energy

A

Exothermic

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5
Q

Breaks bonds in large molecules to farm smaller parts. (Releases energy- exothermic)

A

Catabolic Reaction

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6
Q

All chemical reactions in a cell

A

Metabolism

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7
Q

Parts of a chemical equasion

A

Products and Reactants

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8
Q

Measure of acidity or basicity (alkalinity)

A

PH Scale

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9
Q

High PH

A

Base (Alkaline)

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10
Q

Low PH

A

Acid

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11
Q

0-7 PH

A

Acidic

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12
Q

7-14

A

Alkaline

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13
Q

7 PH

A

Neutral

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14
Q

Solution that resists changes in PH when acids or bases are added to it

A

Buffer

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15
Q

Large molecules used by all organisms

A

Organic macromolecules

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16
Q

Basic building blocks of macromolecules

A

Monomers

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17
Q

4 Macromolecules used by all organisms

A
  1. Lipids 2. Carbohydrates 3. Proteins 4) Nucleic Acids
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18
Q

Type of lipid, important component of cell membranes

A

Phospholipids

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19
Q

Type of lipid, important part of some prokaryotes cell walls

A

Waxes

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20
Q

Type of lipid, for cell membrane fluidity and a component of the endocrine system

A

Steroids

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21
Q

Type of lipid, primarily used for energy

A

Fats (triglycerides)

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21
Q

Fat, Has no double bonds between carbons in fatty acid tails

A

Saturated Fats

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22
Q

Has more than one double bonds between carbons in fatty acid tails

A

Unsaturated Fats

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23
Q

Types of Carbohydrates

A

1) Monosaccahrides 2)Disaccharides 3)Polysaccharides

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23
Q

Fat, typically found in plants, liquid at room temp

A

Unsaturated Fats

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23
Q

Fat, typically found in animals, solid at room temp

A

Saturated Fats

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24
Q

The monomer of carbohydrates

A

Monosaccharides (simple sugars)

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25
Q

Types of monosaccahrides

A

Glucose and Fructose

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26
Q

Simple sugars, used for quick energy

A

Monosaccharides

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27
Q

Two simple sugars linked together, body can break up

A

Disaccharides

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28
Q

Type of disaccahride (Fructose+ Glucose)

A

Sucrose

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29
Q

Three or more sugars together form a

A

Polysaccharide

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30
Q

Storage of energy, converted into amino acids, cell communication, energy source, backbone of nucleic acid, form cell wall (FUNCTIONS OF which Macromolecule..)

A

Carbohydrates

31
Q

Unsaturated fat that has been pumped with hydrogen to turn it into a Saturated Fat and turns it solid (vegan butter)

A

Hydrogenated Fat

32
Q

Water fearing, does not dissolve in water

A

Hydrophobic

33
Q

Water loving

A

Hydrophilic

34
Q

A circular structure that phospholipids form in water, with heads and tails to control what enters and exits cells

A

Micelles

35
Q

A line structure that phospholipids form in water, with heads and tails to control what enters and exits cells

A

Bilayer

36
Q

Controls what exists and enters cell

A

Cell Membrane

37
Q

Bacteria surround themselves in this for survival

A

Wax

38
Q

A type of steroid

A

Cholesterol

39
Q

Long term energy storage of humans and animls

A

Glycogen

40
Q

Long term energy storage of plants

A

Starch

41
Q

Hormone that stimulates glycogen formation (takes glucose from blood and stores it) (to lower blood sugar)

A

Insulin

42
Q

Hormone that stimulates the breakdown of glycogen into glucose (to raise blood sugar)

A

Glucagon

43
Q

Stimulates release of Insulin

A

High blood sugar

44
Q

Stimulates release of Glucagon

A

Low blood sugar

45
Q

Signals cells to take glucose out of blood as glycogen (energy storage)

A

Insulin

46
Q

Signals release of glucose into blood by breaking down glycogen (energy storage)

A

Glucagon

47
Q

Blood sugar adjustment through hormones is an example of…

A

Homeostasis

48
Q

Polysaccharide found in plants, humans cannot break down (cellulose)

A

Fiber

49
Q

Cell structure, enzymes, regulation, transportation, immune system defense and offense (Are functions of what macromolecule)

A

Protein

50
Q

Monomers of proteins

A

Amino Acids

51
Q

Infections proteins that form sponge looking brain tissue (mad cow disease)

A

Prions

52
Q

Can speed up (catalyze) anabolic or catabolic reactions, lowers the activation energy of a reaction

A

Enzymes

53
Q

To speed up

A

Catalyze

54
Q

-ase suffix usually means its an

A

Enzyme

55
Q

Bond formed between amino acids

A

Peptide Bond

56
Q

The molecules on which an enzyme act

A

Substrate

57
Q

Vital genetic material of all cells and viruses

A

DNA and RNA

58
Q

Monomers that make up nucleic acids

A

Nucleotides

59
Q

3 Parts of Nucleotides

A
  1. Phosphate 2. Pentose Sugar 3) Nitrogenous Base
60
Q

Part of a nucleotide, 5 carbon sugar, eitehr deoxyribose (DNA) or ribose (RNA)- which one determines the type

A

Pentose sugar

61
Q

5 Nitrogen Bases

A

Cytosine, Guanine, Adenine, Thymine, Uracil

62
Q

Nitrogen Base found in DNA or RNA (First letter only)

A

CGA

63
Q

Nitrogen Base found only in DNA

A

Thymine

64
Q

Nitrogen Base found only in RNA (First letter only)

A

Uracil

65
Q

Damages DNA, causes a mutation

A

UV Damage

66
Q

Caused by UV damage, makes thymines bond and creates a bump in DNA- cannot produce RNA or protein

A

Thymine Dimers

67
Q

UV protection

A

Melanin

68
Q

DNA Bond

A

A-T

69
Q

RNA and DNA Bond

A

G=C

70
Q

RNA Bond

A

A-U

71
Q

Double Stranded in most cells and viruses

A

DNA

72
Q

Nucleic acid surrounded by proteins

A

Virus

73
Q

Carries instructions for synthesis of RNA and proteins, controls syntesis of all molecules in an organism, genetic material of all organisms and many viruses

A

DNA

74
Q

Nucleoside, AMP(mono-), ADP(di-), ATP(tri-)

A

Nucleoside, AMP, ADP, ATP

75
Q

All of the following nitrogenous bases are found in RNA molecules EXCEPT:
a.uracil
b.cytosine
c.adenine
d.guanine
e.thymine

A

e

76
Q

All of the following are characteristics of saturated fats EXCEPT:
a. their fatty acids pack tightly together.
b. they are used to store energy.
c. they are usually solid at room temperature.
d.they are usually found in animals.
e.they contain at least one double bond between the carbons in their fatty acid tails.

A

e

77
Q

All of the following are uses of carbohydrates in organisms EXCEPT:
a.as a short-term energy source.
b.as a long-term energy source.
c.as a building block of DNA and RNA molecules.
d.to keep membranes flexible at low temperatures.

A

d

78
Q

Which of the following types of lipids can be used to keep some microorganisms from drying out?
a.
unsaturated fats.
b.
waxes.
c.
steroids.
d.
phospholipids.
e.
saturated fats.

A

b

79
Q

You would want to eat a breakfast full of ___________________________________for long-lasting energy that doesn’t result in a blood sugar crash soon after eating.

A

Proteins

80
Q

Two main functions of carbohydrates?

A

Energy storage and structure

Human Biology (14 decks)

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