Chapter 2 Flashcards
Exam 1
What is the specific name of a substance that can counteract changes to pH?
Buffer
The making or breaking of chemical bonds
Chemical Reactions
The formation of larger, more complex molecules. Requires (takes energy- endothermic)
Anabolic Reaction
Takes and uses energy
Endothermic
Releases energy
Exothermic
Breaks bonds in large molecules to farm smaller parts. (Releases energy- exothermic)
Catabolic Reaction
All chemical reactions in a cell
Metabolism
Parts of a chemical equasion
Products and Reactants
Measure of acidity or basicity (alkalinity)
PH Scale
High PH
Base (Alkaline)
Low PH
Acid
0-7 PH
Acidic
7-14
Alkaline
7 PH
Neutral
Solution that resists changes in PH when acids or bases are added to it
Buffer
Large molecules used by all organisms
Organic macromolecules
Basic building blocks of macromolecules
Monomers
4 Macromolecules used by all organisms
- Lipids 2. Carbohydrates 3. Proteins 4) Nucleic Acids
Type of lipid, important component of cell membranes
Phospholipids
Type of lipid, important part of some prokaryotes cell walls
Waxes
Type of lipid, for cell membrane fluidity and a component of the endocrine system
Steroids
Type of lipid, primarily used for energy
Fats (triglycerides)
Fat, Has no double bonds between carbons in fatty acid tails
Saturated Fats
Has more than one double bonds between carbons in fatty acid tails
Unsaturated Fats
Types of Carbohydrates
1) Monosaccahrides 2)Disaccharides 3)Polysaccharides
Fat, typically found in plants, liquid at room temp
Unsaturated Fats
Fat, typically found in animals, solid at room temp
Saturated Fats
The monomer of carbohydrates
Monosaccharides (simple sugars)
Types of monosaccahrides
Glucose and Fructose
Simple sugars, used for quick energy
Monosaccharides
Two simple sugars linked together, body can break up
Disaccharides
Type of disaccahride (Fructose+ Glucose)
Sucrose
Three or more sugars together form a
Polysaccharide
Storage of energy, converted into amino acids, cell communication, energy source, backbone of nucleic acid, form cell wall (FUNCTIONS OF which Macromolecule..)
Carbohydrates
Unsaturated fat that has been pumped with hydrogen to turn it into a Saturated Fat and turns it solid (vegan butter)
Hydrogenated Fat
Water fearing, does not dissolve in water
Hydrophobic
Water loving
Hydrophilic
A circular structure that phospholipids form in water, with heads and tails to control what enters and exits cells
Micelles
A line structure that phospholipids form in water, with heads and tails to control what enters and exits cells
Bilayer
Controls what exists and enters cell
Cell Membrane
Bacteria surround themselves in this for survival
Wax
A type of steroid
Cholesterol
Long term energy storage of humans and animls
Glycogen
Long term energy storage of plants
Starch
Hormone that stimulates glycogen formation (takes glucose from blood and stores it) (to lower blood sugar)
Insulin
Hormone that stimulates the breakdown of glycogen into glucose (to raise blood sugar)
Glucagon
Stimulates release of Insulin
High blood sugar
Stimulates release of Glucagon
Low blood sugar
Signals cells to take glucose out of blood as glycogen (energy storage)
Insulin
Signals release of glucose into blood by breaking down glycogen (energy storage)
Glucagon
Blood sugar adjustment through hormones is an example of…
Homeostasis
Polysaccharide found in plants, humans cannot break down (cellulose)
Fiber
Cell structure, enzymes, regulation, transportation, immune system defense and offense (Are functions of what macromolecule)
Protein
Monomers of proteins
Amino Acids
Infections proteins that form sponge looking brain tissue (mad cow disease)
Prions
Can speed up (catalyze) anabolic or catabolic reactions, lowers the activation energy of a reaction
Enzymes
To speed up
Catalyze
-ase suffix usually means its an
Enzyme
Bond formed between amino acids
Peptide Bond
The molecules on which an enzyme act
Substrate
Vital genetic material of all cells and viruses
DNA and RNA
Monomers that make up nucleic acids
Nucleotides
3 Parts of Nucleotides
- Phosphate 2. Pentose Sugar 3) Nitrogenous Base
Part of a nucleotide, 5 carbon sugar, eitehr deoxyribose (DNA) or ribose (RNA)- which one determines the type
Pentose sugar
5 Nitrogen Bases
Cytosine, Guanine, Adenine, Thymine, Uracil
Nitrogen Base found in DNA or RNA (First letter only)
CGA
Nitrogen Base found only in DNA
Thymine
Nitrogen Base found only in RNA (First letter only)
Uracil
Damages DNA, causes a mutation
UV Damage
Caused by UV damage, makes thymines bond and creates a bump in DNA- cannot produce RNA or protein
Thymine Dimers
UV protection
Melanin
DNA Bond
A-T
RNA and DNA Bond
G=C
RNA Bond
A-U
Double Stranded in most cells and viruses
DNA
Nucleic acid surrounded by proteins
Virus
Carries instructions for synthesis of RNA and proteins, controls syntesis of all molecules in an organism, genetic material of all organisms and many viruses
DNA
Nucleoside, AMP(mono-), ADP(di-), ATP(tri-)
Nucleoside, AMP, ADP, ATP
All of the following nitrogenous bases are found in RNA molecules EXCEPT:
a.uracil
b.cytosine
c.adenine
d.guanine
e.thymine
e
All of the following are characteristics of saturated fats EXCEPT:
a. their fatty acids pack tightly together.
b. they are used to store energy.
c. they are usually solid at room temperature.
d.they are usually found in animals.
e.they contain at least one double bond between the carbons in their fatty acid tails.
e
All of the following are uses of carbohydrates in organisms EXCEPT:
a.as a short-term energy source.
b.as a long-term energy source.
c.as a building block of DNA and RNA molecules.
d.to keep membranes flexible at low temperatures.
d
Which of the following types of lipids can be used to keep some microorganisms from drying out?
a.
unsaturated fats.
b.
waxes.
c.
steroids.
d.
phospholipids.
e.
saturated fats.
b
You would want to eat a breakfast full of ___________________________________for long-lasting energy that doesn’t result in a blood sugar crash soon after eating.
Proteins
Two main functions of carbohydrates?
Energy storage and structure
