Chapter 5 Flashcards
Exam 2
Types of Connective Tissues in the Skeletal system (3)
1) Bone
2) Ligaments
3) Cartilage
Hard elements in the skelaton
Bone
Dense fibrous connective tissue, attach bones to other bones
Ligaments
Specialized connective tissue, fibers of collagen and elastic in gel-like ground substance (matrix)
Cartilage
Living tissue containing several types of cells involved in forming and remodeling
Bones
Bones have a hard rigid appearance due to
extra-cellular crystals of calcium minerals
5 Functions of Bones
1) Support
2) Protect
3) Movement
4) Blood Cell Formation
5) Mineral storage
Minerals stored in bones (2)
1) Calcium
2) Phosphate
Hard inorganic matrix of calcium salts
Bone
Part of bone, forms shafts and ends, contains marrow space (yellow bone marrow)
Compact bone
Part of bone, contains marrow space
Compact bone
Marrow space contains
Yellow bone marrow (mostly fats)
Part of bone, contains red bone marrow
Spongey (cancellous) Bone
Spongey bone aka
Cancellous
Part of bone, trabeculae supports, stem cells porduce rbc, wbc, and platelets
Spongey (cancellous) Bone
In marrow, help for blood clots
Platelets
Part of bone, connective tissue covering
Periosteum
Growth Plates
Physis
Cells in the Bone (4)
1) Chondroblasts
2) Osteoblasts
3) Osteocytes
4) Osteoclasts
Types of Bones (4)
1) Long
2) Short
3) Flat
4) Irregular
Hold bones together, attach bone to bone, enable movement and provide strength to joints, made of dense fibrous connective tissue
Ligaments
ACL is an example of a
Ligament
Provides support to bone
Cartilage
Attach muscle to bone
Tendon
Types of Cartilage (3)
1) Fibrocartilage
2) Hyaline
3)Elastic Cartilage
Type of Cartilage, thick
Fibro Cartilage
Type of Cartilage, thin and smooth
Hyaline Cartilage
Type of Cartilage, forms embryonic structure (late forms bones)
Hyaline
Type of Cartilage, covers and protects the ends of long bones and joints (protects and reduces friction)
Hyaline
Type of Cartilage, mostly flexible, elastin fibers
Elastic
Intervertebral disks and menisci in knees are an example of what type of cartilage
Fibro
When does bone development begin
In the embryo
Cartilage forming cells
Chondroblasts
Hyaline cartilage formation (by chondroblasts) in 0-2 months of life is a
Model of future bone
Replace cartilage with bone
Osteoblasts
Cartilage starts to dissolve and periosteum starts to develop during
Later fetal development (after 2-3 months)
Blood vessels transport ____to form periosteum during later fetal development
osteoblasts
Primary and secondary ossification sites formed during
Childhood
Hardening of the bones
Ossification
Crystals that deposit to form bone
hydroxyapatite
Elongation of growth plates happens during
Adolescence
Compact bone contains this type of cell
Osteocytes
Bone development is regulated by
Hormones
Hormones involved in bone development
Estrogen and Testosterone
Skeleton derived from greek word meaning
“Dried up”
The only place where bones can grow
Growth plates
In growth plates, younger cartilage cells…
Multiply
In growth plates, older cartilage cells…
surround themselves with minerals and harden into bone
In growth plates, cells shrink and create space, attract osteoblasts
Yes
Osteons
Haversian Systems
Orderly bundles of cylindrical units in the shaft
Haversian Systems
Orderly bundles of cylindrical units in the shaft
Osteons
In the center of Osteon, contains blood vessels and sometimes a nerve
Haversian Canal
Bone homeostasis depends on the balance of
Osteoblast and Osteoclast activity
Increase overall bone mass and strength
Weight-bearing exercise
Dependent on diet, exercise, and age
Bone remodeling
Loss of bone mass due to prolonged imbalance of osteo blast/ clast activity (osteoclasts more active)
Osteoporosis
Electrical currents in bones are caused by
Compressive Stress
Electrical currents stimulate
Osteoblasts (bone building cells)
Bone is ___ in areas of low compressive stress
Reabsorbed
High compressive stress yeilds ____ osteoblast activity and ___ bones
high, Strong
Cartilage forming cells
Chondroblasts
Young bone forming cells
Osteoblasts
Mature bone cells
Osteocytes
Bone dissolving cells
Osteoclasts
Hormone, stimulates osteoclasts to secrete more bone dissolving enzymes
PTH (Parathyroid Hormone)
Hormone, causes bones to break down and release Calcium into the bloodstream to maintain homeostasis
PTH
Hormone, secreted when there are low calcium levels in the bloodstream
PTH
Hormone stimulates osteoblasts to add calcium and phosphate to the bone to maintain homeostasis
Calcitonin
Hormone, secreted when there are high levels of calcium in the bloodstream
Calcitonin
How many bones in the human adult body
206
Blood clot, forms at site of bone fracture within 6-8 hours
Hematoma
Repair fractured bones
Fibroblasts
Remove dead damaged bone and remnants of hematoma
Osteoclasts
Forms at site of fracture by chondroblasts, 2-3 weeks after fracture
Fibrocartilage Callus
Limbs and fingers are what type of bone
Long
Wrist bones are what type of bone
Short
Cranial, sternum and ribs are what type of bone
Flat
Coaxial, vertebrae, pelvic are what type of bone
Irregular
Provide flexible movement of many parts of the body
Joints
Bone stores which minerals
Calcium and Phosphate
The formation of blood cells happen here
Bone marrow
Supports and protects soft organs
Bone
Skeleton organized into two groups
1) Axial
2) Appendicular
Skeleton of midline of body
Axial
Skeleton of the bones of the appendages and their attachment structures
Appendicular
Structures that attach appendages to the body
Girdles
Girdle that attaches arms to body
Pectoral girdle
Girdle that attaches the legs to the body
Pelvic girdle
Attachment for muscles of the tongue, larynx, and pharynx
Hyoid Bone
Top jaw bone
Top Jaw
Lower jaw bone
Mandible
The only facial bone that moves
Mandible
Air spaces with cranial and facial bones
Sinuses
Hole in the skull that attaches the neck to the head
Foramen Magnum
Protects spinal cord
Vertebral Column
Regions of the Vertebral Column
1) Cervical
2) Thoracic
3) Lumbar
4) Sacral
5) Coccygeal
Region of the Vertebral Column, neck, 7 v
Cervical
Region of the Vertebral Column, chest, 12 v
Thoracic
Region of the Vertebral Column, small of back, 5v
Lumbar
Region of the Vertebral Column, sacrum, 5v
Sacral
Region of the Vertebral Column, coccyx, 4v
Coccygeal
Cushion vertebrae, assist in movement and felxibility
Intervertebral disks
How many ribs are “floating”
2
attached to vertebrae but NOT attached to sternum
Floating ribs
foot bones
metatarsals
lower leg bones
tibia, fibula
small leg bone
fibula
upper arm bone
humerous
knee
patella
thigh
femur
ankle
tarsal bones
