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PSYC 104 - Introductory Psychology I > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

Learning

A

change in an organism’s behaviour or thought as a result of experience

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2
Q

Habituation

A

-process of responding less strongly over time to repeated stimuli
-a highly adaptive process
-reduces focus on “safe” things

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3
Q

Sensitization

A

-responding more strongly over time, from repeated stimulus presentation
-occurs during dangerous and irritating stimuli
-ie. people whispering while you’re trying to study

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4
Q

Classical (Pavlovian) Conditioning

A

form of learning in which animals come to respond to a previously neutral stimulus that had been paired with another stimulus that elicits an automatic response

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5
Q

What did Pavlov find?

A

-studied digestion in dogs
-dogs salivated not only in the presence of food, but also those who fed them and their footsteps
-the dogs anticipated the arrival of food

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6
Q

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)

A

-stimulus that elicits an automatic response without prior conditioning
-reflexive
-ie. meat powder

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7
Q

Unconditioned Response (UCR)

A

-automatic response to a non-neutral stimulus that does not need to be learned
-response to UCS
-ie. salivation (nature)

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8
Q

Neutral Stimulus (NS)

A

-a stimulus that does not naturally or normally elicit a response
-ie. metronome

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9
Q

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

A

-a previously neutral stimulus that now elicits a response due to pairings with the UCS
-ie. what the metronome becomes

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10
Q

Conditioned Response (CR)

A

-response elicited by the CS
-previously associated with a non-neutral stimulus, elicited by a neutral stimulus through conditioning
-ie. the salivating response to the metronome

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11
Q

Classical Conditioning Procedure Example

A
  1. NS and UCS to get a UCR (x1)
  2. NS = no response
  3. NS then UCS get a UCR (x40)
  4. CS gets a CR
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12
Q

Acquisition

A

-learning phase during which a conditioned response is established
-CS grows in strength when repeated (= learning!)

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13
Q

The closer in time the CS and UCS are paired, the ______ learning occurs.

A

faster

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14
Q

Asymptote

A

-when the CR occurs with every presentation of the CS
-CR is in similar magnitude to the UCR
-no further learning occurs

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15
Q

Extinction

A

-gradual reduction and eventual elimination of the CR after the CS is presented repeatedly without the UCS present

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16
Q

Extinction Example

A

-the metronome is played without meat powder
-dogs stopped salivating to the sound of the NS

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17
Q

Extinction is an _______ process

A

active

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18
Q

Spontaneous Recovery

A

-sudden reemergence of an extinct conditioned response after a delay after extinction
-usually a weaker response

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19
Q

Renewal Effect

A

-sudden reemergence of a conditioned response
-following the extinction, when the subject is returned to the environment where the CR occurred

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20
Q

What does the renewal effect help explain?

A

-phobias

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21
Q

Stimulus Generalization

A

-process by which conditioned stimuli that are similar, but not identical, elicit a conditioned response
-magnitude depends on similarity

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22
Q

Stimulus Discrimination

A

-process by which a less pronounced conditioned response is displayed in response to a CS that differs from the original CS
-without it we would respond similarly to everything (ie. explosion on the TV)

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23
Q

Higher-Order Conditioning

A

-developing a conditioned response to a conditioned stimulus by virtue of its association with another conditioned stimulus
-UCS not needed
-just pair a NS with a CS
-weaker response

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24
Q

Second-Order Conditioning

A

-new CS is paired with the original CS
-weaker response

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25
Q

Applying Classical Conditioning: Advertising

A

-getting people to associate their product with an emotion
-ie. pairing product (NS) with attractive people (UCS)

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26
Q

Latent Inhibition

A

-difficulty in establishing classical conditioning to a conditioned experience we repeatedly experience alone (without the UCS)

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27
Q

Applying Classical Conditioning: Fetishism

A

-sexual attraction to non-living things
-ie. pairing shoes (NS) with sex cues, like naked people (UCS) leading to sexual excitement (UCR)

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28
Q

Applying Classical Conditioning: Drug Tolerance

A

-people who used drugs in a particular setting developed an enhanced tolerance to the drug, in that setting

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29
Q

Conditioned Compensatory Response

A

-helps counteract the effects of the drugs
-a CR that is the opposite of the UCR and compensates for the UCR
-ie. drinking at a bar vs at home

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30
Q

Conditioned Phobias: Little Albert

A

-11mo baby was afraid of noise but liked white rats
-shown rat and exposed to loud noise, evoked fear response
-any white fur stimulus produced a fear reaction

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31
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

-learning controlled by the consequences of the organisms behaviour
-aka instrumental conditioning

32
Q

Operants

A

-the behaviours produced by the animal to receive a reward
-because the animal “operates” on its environment to get what it wants

33
Q

The operant behaviour is…

A

-voluntary rather than automatic
-a function of the consequences that follow the behaviour
-depends on skeletal muscles

34
Q

Law of Effect

A

-principle asserting that if a stimulus followed by a behaviour results in a reward, the stimulus is more likely to give rise to the behaviour in the future

35
Q

Who discovered the law of effect?

A

Edward Thorndike

36
Q

Puzzle Box: Thorndike experiment

A

-hungry cats placed in the box
-food placed outside
-faster they got out, the faster they got food
-gradual not sudden process

37
Q

Puzzle box showed learning was _____ not through insight.

A

incremental

38
Q

Insight

A

-grasping the underlying nature of a problem

39
Q

Reinforcement

A

-any outcome that strengthens the probability of a response

40
Q

Positive Reinforcement

A

-behaviour is followed by the presentation of a stimulus (a reinforcer) and the behaviour is strengthened

41
Q

Negative Reinforcement

A

-behaviour is followed by the removal of a stimulus (usually something unpleasant) and the behaviour is strengthened

42
Q

Skinner Box (operant chamber)

A

-small animal chamber constructed by Skinner to allow sustained periods of conditioning to be administered and behaviours be recorded unsupervised

43
Q

Punishment

A

-outcome or consequence of a behaviour that weakens the probability of the behaviour

44
Q

Positive Punishment

A

-behaviour is followed by the presentation of a stimulus (a punisher) and the behaviour is weakened

45
Q

Negative Punishment

A

-behaviour is followed by the removal of a stimulus (usually a reinforced/appetitive stimulus) and the behaviour is weakened

46
Q

“giving a gold star on homework resulting in student studying more” is an example of…

A

positive reinforcement

47
Q

“static on a phone subsides when you stand in a specific spot in your room, causing you stand there more” is an example of…

A

negative reinforcement

48
Q

“Scolding by a pet owner, reducing a dogs habit of chewing on shoes” is an example of…

A

Positive Punishment

49
Q

“Confiscating a favourite toy, stopping a child from throwing future tantrums” is an example of…

A

negative punishment

50
Q

Positive reinforcement involves _________ a stimulus and results in _______ target behaviour.

A

presenting, increased

51
Q

Negative reinforcement involves _________ a stimulus and results in _______ target behaviour.

A

removing, increased

52
Q

Positive punishment involves _________ a stimulus and results in _______ target behaviour.

A

presenting, decreased

53
Q

Negative punishment involves _________ a stimulus and results in _______ target behaviour.

A

removing, decreased

54
Q

Disadvantage of Punishment

A

-not as effective for altering behaviour in many cases
-tells not what to do instead of what to do
-creates anxiety, interferes with learning
-encourages subversive behaviour
-models behaviour towards others

55
Q

Discriminative Stimulus (Sᵈ)

A

-stimulus associated with the presence of reinforcement
-ie. responding to our friends wave with going over to talk to them

56
Q

Acquisition

A

-learning phase during which a conditioned or operant response is established

57
Q

Extinction (operant conditioning)

A

-gradual reduction and eventual elimination of an operant response when reinforcement for that response is no longer presented

58
Q

Spontaneous Recovery (operant conditioning)

A

-sudden re-emergence of an extinguished operant response after a delay following extinction

59
Q

Stimulus Generalization (operant conditioning)

A

-the increased probability of responding in the presence of a stimuli similar to the original Sᵈ

60
Q

Stimulus Discrimination (operant conditioning)

A

-displaying a less pronounced to stimuli that differ from the original Sᵈ

61
Q

Schedule of Reinforcement

A

-the response requirement that must be met to obtain reinforcement
-pattern of reinforcing a behaviour

62
Q

Continuous Reinforcement Schedules (CRF)

A

-reinforcing a behaviour every time it occurs
-fast learning, but labor intensive
-extinction can occur quicker

63
Q

Partial (intermittent) Reinforcement Schedule (PRF)

A

-only some responses are reinforced
-slower learning
-less labour intensive
-more resistant to extinction

64
Q

Fixed Ratio (FR) Schedule

A

-reinforcer delivered after a fixed number of responses
-pause after reinforcer delivered
-moderate rate of responding

65
Q

Variable Ratio (VR) Schedule

A

-pattern in which we provide reinforcement after a specific number of responses on average
-no pause
-number varies randomly
-high rate of responding

66
Q

Fixed Interval (FI) Schedule

A

-first response after a specific period of time will lead to the delivery of a reinforcer
-response before interval has elapsed leads to nothing
-scalloped shaped response curve

67
Q

Variable Interval (VI) Schedule

A

-pattern in which we provide reinforcement for a response at least once during an average time interval
-interval varies randomly
-response before interval elapsed leads to nothing
-no pauses

68
Q

Ratio Schedules

A

require a certain number of responses to be performed before a reinforcer is delivered

69
Q

Interval Schedules

A

reinforce the first behaviour after period of time has elapsed

70
Q

Animal Training

A

-an application of operant conditioning
-training pets or in zoos
-uses a shaping technique

71
Q

Shaping by Successive Approximation

A

-conditioning a target behaviour by progressively reinforcing behaviours that come closer and closer to the target

72
Q

Overcoming Procrastination

A

-an application of operant conditioning
-putting off work until the last minute
-employs premack principle

73
Q

Premack Principle

A

-can reinforce a lower-probability behaviour (studying)
-uses the opportunity to engage in a higher-probability behaviour (video games)

74
Q

Secondary Reinforcer

A

-neutral object that becomes associated with a primary reinforcer

75
Q

Primary Reinforcer

A

-item or outcome that naturally increases the target behaviour

76
Q

Applied Behaviour Analysis

A

-aba
-uses shaping to help individuals with autism improve language skills

77
Q

Two-Process Theory

A

-combines classical and operant conditioning
-fears are acquired through an interactive process

PSYC 104 - Introductory Psychology I (12 decks)

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