Chapter 11 Flashcards
Emotions
mental states or feelings associated with our evaluation of experiences
3 Components of Emotions
-physiological reactions
-expressive behaviours
-mental experiences
Evalulation
people perceive situations differently and thus express varying emotions
Emotions are ______ and shaped through ______-
adaptive; evolution
Primary Emotions
-core, basic emotions
-shared worldwide
-biologically and genetically conveyed
How many primary emotions are there?
7
Secondary Emotions
-combinations of primary emotions
-vary depending on culture
-not biologically conveyed
Discrete Emotion Theory
theory that humans experience a small number of distinct emotions that are rooted in our biology
Distinct Motor Program
At what age do babies start to smile when they see a familiar face?
6 weeks
At what age do babies smile when they learn something new?
3 months
Do animal emotions resemble human emotions?
yes
Culture and Emotions
-many generate the same emotional expressions across cultures
Does globalization account for similar emotions across cultures?
-ruled out by Ekman faces
Ekman faces
-studied emotional reactions of an isolated tribe and compared with American college students
-found 7 consistent emotions
What are the primary emotions?
- happiness
- disgust
- fear
- sadness
- surprise
- contempt
- anger
Is pride a primary emotion?
-it has been debated (not by Ekman)
-but it not generally considered a primary
Examples of Secondary Emotions
-hatred (disgust + anger)
-jealousy (anger + sadness)
Display Rules
cross-cultural/societal guidelines for how and when to express emotions
Fake smile vs. Genune Smile
-different muscles are used
Duchenne Smile
-genuine smile
-movement of mouth and eyes
Pan Am SMile
-fake smile
-movement of mouth but not eyes
Cognitive Theories of Emotion
theories proposing that emotions are products of thinking, not a biological reaction
James-Lange Theory of Emotion
proposing that emotions result from our INTERPRETATION of our bodily reactions to stimuli (afraid because we are running away)
Cannon-Bard Theory
proposes that an emotion provoking even leads simultaneously to an emotion and bodily reaction (run away and feel fear at the same time)
Somatic Marker Theory
theory proposing that we use our “gut reactions” (automatic) to help us determine how we should act
Two-Factor Theory
proposes that emotions are produced by an undifferentiated state of arousal, along with an explanation of that arousal
Discrete emotions theory is probably correct when saying…
emotions are shaped through evolution
Cognitive theories are probably correct in…
saying thinking influences our emotions
What is probably the correct theory?
-two-factor and its concept of arousal
Subliminal Exposure
-exposure below level of awareness
-positively or negatively cues influence our moods
Mere Exposure Effect
-repeated exposure makes us more likely to feel positive towards it
-ie. coca cola ad, misinformation (Propoganda effect)
Facial Feedback Hypothesis
theory that blood vessels in the face feed back temperature information in the brain to alter our emotional experience
What might cause facial feedback theory?
classical conditioning
Nonverbal Leakage
unconscious spillover (give away) of emotions into nonverbal behaviour when trying to hide their feelings (facial expressions, gestures, postures, etc.)
Illustrators
gestures that highlight speech
Manipulators
gestures where one body part touches another body part (ie. crossed arms)
Emblems
gestures that convey conventional meanings recognized by a culture (ie. nodding)
Proxemics
the study of personal space
Public Level of Distance
-12 feet or more
-strangers/audience
Social Level of Distance
-4-12 feet
-colleagues, classmates
Personal Level of Distance
-1.5-4 feet
-friends, relatives
Intimate Level of Distance
-0-1.5 feet
-lovers, family
Clues to Lying
-illustrators decrease
-emblems/manipulators increase
Humans are ________ at detecting lies.
not good (only 55% accuracy)
Best way to detect a lie:
listen to WHAT they say, not how (usually add more details to a lie)
Polygraph Tests
-‘‘lie-detector’’ test
-not 99% accurate as it says
-has a problem with false positives
-measure autonomic activity (ie. heart rate)
Pinocchio Response
supposedly perfect physiological or behavioural indicator of lying
Controlled questions in polygraph:
-relevant questions
-irrelevant question
-control questions
Guilty Knowledge Test
-tests for concealed knowledge of items from the crime scene using questionnaires and physiological measures
Brain Scanning Techniques
-looks at brain-wave changes when lying
Truth Serum
-barbiturates to relax people
Integrity Tests
-questionnaires that assess tendency to steal or cheat
Positive Psychology
discipline that has sought to emphasize human strengths
Broaden and Build Theory
says happiness predisposes us to think more openly, allows us to see the “big picture”
Defensive Pessimism
strategy of anticipating failure and compensating for the expectation by mentally over-preparing for negative outcomes
Misconception 1 of Happiness
happiness depends on what happens to us
Misconception 2 of Happiness
money makes us happy
Misconception 3 of Happiness
happiness declines in old age
Misconception 4 of Happiness
people on the west coast are happiest
Positivity Effect
tendency for people to remember more positive than negative information with age
Examples of things associated with higher happiness:
-being married
-having friends
-graduating college/university
-following a religion
-people who exercise
-people who give back
Caveats of Happiness
-the relationships with these variables are modest
-there is correlation but not causation
Affective Forecasting
ability to predict our own and others’ happiness
Durability Bias
belief that both our good and our bad moods will last longer than they do
Hedonic Treadmill
tendency for our moods to adapt to external circumstances
Motivation
psychological drives that propel us in a specific direction
What are the two most powerful motivators?
food and sex
Drive Reduction Theory
proposes that certain drives like hunger, thirst, and sexual frustration motivate us to act in ways that minimize aversive states
Homeostasis
-equilibrium
-always attempting to maintain psychological homeostasis
Yerkes-Dodson Law
inverted U-shaped relation between arousal on the one hand and mood and performance on the other hand
We are ________ at simple tasks if we have _______ arousal
better; higher
We are _________ at complex tasks if we have _______ arousal
better; lower
Conflict
-some things lead us to avoid things and create conflict
Approach-avoidance conflict
make a choice about something that has good an bad qualities
Approach-approach conflict
-trying to decide between two good things
Avoidance-avoidance conflict
-two bad things to choose between
Double approach-avoidance conflict
make a choice about two things and each has good an bad qualities
Incentive Theories
propose that we’re often motivated by positive goals
Intrinsic Motivation
motivated by internal goals
Extrinsic Motivation
motivated by external goals
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
model proposing that we must satisfy physiological needs and needs for safety and security before progressing to more complex needs
Primary Needs
biological necessities (ie. hunger and thirst)
Secondary Needs
psychological desires (ie. achievement)
The ______ is the centre for food cravings
brain
Lateral Hypothalamus
role in initiating eating
Ventromedial Hypothalamus
indicates when to stop eating
Ghrelin
hormone produced by the stomach that communicates with the hypothalamus to increase hunger
Cholecystokinin (CCK)
hormone that counteracts Ghrelin and decreases hunger
Glucostatic Theory
theory that when our blood glucose levels drop, hunger creates a drive to eat to restore glucose levels
Leptin
hormone that signals the hypothalamus and brain stem to reduce appetite and increase the amount of energy used
Set Point
-a genetically programmed values that establishes the range of body fat and muscle mass we need to maintain
Role of Genes on Weight
-likely affect our weight
-6% of obesity cases have a mutation on the melacortin-4 receptor gene
Unit Bias
we tend to think of units of things as the optimal amount ie. 1 bowl of soup
Internal-External Theory
obese people are motivated to eat more by external cues than internal cues
Bulimia Nervosa
eating disorder associated with a pattern of bingeing and purging in an effort to lose or maintain weight
What % of the population are affected by bulimia nervosa?
1-3%
Anorexia Nervosa
eating disorder associated with excessive weight loss and the irrational perception that one is overweight
What % of the population are affected by anorexia nervosa?
0.5-1%
